Melnikov, I. 1998. Winter Production of Sea Ice Algae in <strong>the</strong> Western Weddell Sea. Journal of Marine Systems, 17: 195– 205. Meredith, M. P., and J. C. King. 2005. Rapid Clim<strong>at</strong>e Change in <strong>the</strong> Ocean West of <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula during <strong>the</strong> Second Half of <strong>the</strong> 20th Century. Geophysical Research Letters, 32: L19604, doi: 10_1029/ 2005GL024042. Meyer, B., and B. Oettl. 2005. Effects of Short-Term Starv<strong>at</strong>ion on Composition and Metabolism of Larval Antarctic Krill Euphausia superba. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 292: 263– 270. Miller, D. G. M., and I. Hamp<strong>to</strong>n. 1989. Biology and Ecology of <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba Dana): A Review. Cambridge, U.K.: Scientifi c Committee on Antarctic Research and Scientifi c Committee on Oceanic Research of <strong>the</strong> Intern<strong>at</strong>ional Council of Scientifi c Unions. Moline, M. A., H. Claustre, T. K. Frazer, O. Schofi elds, and M. Vernet. 2004. Alter<strong>at</strong>ions of <strong>the</strong> food web along <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula in response <strong>to</strong> a regional warming trend. Global Change Biology, 10: 1973– 1980. Morales-Nin, B., I. Palomera, and S. Schadwinkel. 1995. Larval Fish Distribution and Abundance in <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula Region and Adjacent W<strong>at</strong>ers. <strong>Polar</strong> Biology, 15: 143– 154. Nicol, S. 1994. “Antarctic Krill: Changing Perceptions of Its Role in <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Ecosystem.” In Antarctic Science— Global Concerns, ed. G. Hempel, pp. 144– 166. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Nicol, S., A. J. Constable, and T. Pauly. 2000. Estim<strong>at</strong>es of Circumpolar Abundance of Antarctic Krill Based on Recent Acoustic Density Measurements. CCAMLR Science, 7: 87– 99. O’Brien, D. P. 1987. Direct Observ<strong>at</strong>ions of <strong>the</strong> Behavior of Euphausia superba and Euphausia crystallorophias (Crustacea:Euphausiacea) under Pack Ice during <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Spring of 1985. Journal of Crustacean Biology, 7: 437– 448. Ottersen, G. B., and L. H. Loeng. 2000. Covariability in Early Growth and Year-Class Strength of Barents Sea Cod, Haddock and Herring: The Environmental Link. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 57: 339– 348. Parkinson, C. L. 2002. Trends in <strong>the</strong> Length of <strong>the</strong> Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Ocean Sea Ice Seasons, 1979– 1999. Annals of Glaciology, 34: 435– 440. Pepin, P. 1991. The Effect of Temper<strong>at</strong>ure and Size on Development and Mortality R<strong>at</strong>es of Pelagic Life His<strong>to</strong>ry Stages of Marine Fish. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aqu<strong>at</strong>ic Sciences, 48: 503– 518. Pitcher, T. J., S. H. Lang, and J. A. Turner. 1988. A Risk-Balancing Trade- Off between Foraging Rewards and Pred<strong>at</strong>ion Hazard in a Shoaling Fish. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology, 22: 225– 228. Power, M. E., D. Tilman, J. A. Estes, B. A. Menge, W. J. Bond, L. S. Mills, G. Daily, J. C. Castilla, J. Lubchenco, and R. T. Paine. 1996. Challenges in <strong>the</strong> Quest for Keys<strong>to</strong>nes. BioScience, 46: 609– 620. Priddle, J., J. P. Croxall, I. Everson, R. B. Heywood, E. J. Murphy, P. A. Prince, and C. B. Sear. 1988. “Large-Scale Fluctu<strong>at</strong>ions in Distribution and Abundance of Krill— A Discussion of Possible Causes.” In Antarctic Resources and Variability, ed. D. Sahrhage, pp. 169– 182. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Quetin, L. B., and R. M. Ross. 1984. Depth Distribution of Developing Euphausia superba Embryos, Predicted from Sinking R<strong>at</strong>es. Marine Biology, 79: 47– 53. ———. 1986. Summary of Cruise 85– 5 of <strong>the</strong> <strong>Polar</strong> Duke <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula during August and September. Antarctic Journal of <strong>the</strong> United St<strong>at</strong>es, 21: 192– 193. ———. 1988. Summary of WinCruise II <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula during June and July 1987. Antarctic Journal of <strong>the</strong> United St<strong>at</strong>es, 23: 149– 151. ———. 2001. Environmental Variability and Its Impact on <strong>the</strong> Reproductive Cycle of Antarctic Krill. American Zoologist, 41: 74– 89. ———. 2003. Episodic Recruitment in Antarctic Krill, Euphausia superba, in <strong>the</strong> Palmer LTER Study Region. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 259: 185– 200. LIFE UNDER ANTARCTIC PACK ICE 297 ———. 2007. “Pack Ice Diving.” In Proceedings of <strong>the</strong> Intern<strong>at</strong>ional <strong>Polar</strong> Diving Workshop, ed. M. A. Lang and M. D. J. Sayer, pp. 111– 131. Washing<strong>to</strong>n, D.C.: <strong>Smithsonian</strong> Institution. Quetin, L. B., R. M. Ross, T. K. Frazer, M. O. Amsler, C. Wy<strong>at</strong>t-Evens, and S. A. Oakes. 2003. Growth of Larval Krill, Euphausia superba, in Fall and Winter West of <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula. Marine Biology, 143: 833– 843. Quetin, L. B., R. M. Ross, T. K. Frazer, and K. L. Haberman. 1996. “Fac<strong>to</strong>rs Affecting Distribution and Abundance of Zooplank<strong>to</strong>n, with an Emphasis on Antarctic Krill, Euphausia superba.” In Found<strong>at</strong>ions for Ecological Research West of <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula, ed. R. M. Ross, E. E. Hofmann, and L. B. Quetin, pp. 357– 371. Washing<strong>to</strong>n, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. Quetin, L. B., R. M. Ross, C. H. Fritsen, and M. Vernet. 2007. Ecological Responses of Antarctic Krill <strong>to</strong> Environmental Variability: Can We Predict <strong>the</strong> Future? Antarctic Science, 19: 1– 14. Robison, B. 2003. Wh<strong>at</strong> Drives <strong>the</strong> Diel Vertical Migr<strong>at</strong>ions of Antarctic Midw<strong>at</strong>er Fish? Journal of <strong>the</strong> Marine Biological Associ<strong>at</strong>ion of <strong>the</strong> United Kingdom, 83: 639– 642. Ross, R. M., and L. B. Quetin. 1989. Energetic Cost <strong>to</strong> Develop <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> First Feeding Stage of Euphausia Superba Dana and <strong>the</strong> Effect of Delays in Food Availability. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 133: 103– 127. ———. 1991. Ecological Physiology of Larval Euphausiids, Euphausia superba (Euphausiacea). Memoirs of <strong>the</strong> Queensland Museum, 31: 321– 333. ———. 2000. “Reproduction in Euphausiacea.” In Krill: Biology, Ecology and Fisheries, ed. I. Everson, pp. 150– 181. Cambridge, U.K.: Blackwell Science. ———. 2003. Working with Living Krill: The People and <strong>the</strong> Places. Marine and Freshw<strong>at</strong>er Behaviour and Physiology, 36: 207– 228. Ross, R. M., L. B. Quetin, and M. O. Amsler. 1985. Euphausia superba: A Preliminary Report on Three Areas of Investig<strong>at</strong>ion. Antarctic Journal of <strong>the</strong> United St<strong>at</strong>es, 19: 153– 155. Ross, R. M., L. B. Quetin, K. S. Baker, M. Vernet, and R. C. Smith. 2000. Growth Limit<strong>at</strong>ion in Young Euphausia superba under Field Conditions. Limnology and Oceanography, 45: 31– 43. Ross, R. M., L. B. Quetin, and K. L. Haberman. 1998. Interannual and Seasonal Variability in Short-Term Grazing Impact of Euphausia superba in Nearshore and Offshore W<strong>at</strong>ers West of <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula. Journal of Marine Systems, 17: 261– 273. Ross, R. M., L. B. Quetin, D. G. Martinson, R. Iannuzzi, S. S. Stammerjohn, and R. C. Smith. 2008. Palmer LTER: P<strong>at</strong>terns of Distribution of 5 Dominant Zooplank<strong>to</strong>n Species in <strong>the</strong> Epipelagic Zone West of <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula, 1993–2004. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 55, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.04.037. Ross, R. M., L. B. Quetin, T. Newberger, and S. A. Oakes. 2004. Growth and Behavior of Larval Krill (Euphausia superba) under <strong>the</strong> Ice in L<strong>at</strong>e Winter 2001 West of <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula. Deep-Sea Research II, 51: 2169– 2184. Scambos, T., C. Hulbe, and M. Fahnes<strong>to</strong>ck. 2003. “Clim<strong>at</strong>e-Induced Ice Shelf Disintegr<strong>at</strong>ion in <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula.” In Antarctic Peninsula Clim<strong>at</strong>e Variability: His<strong>to</strong>rical and Paleoenvironmental Perspectives, ed. E. Domack, A. Burnett, A. Leventer, P. Conley, M. Kirby, and R. Bindschadler, pp. 79– 92. Washing<strong>to</strong>n, D.C.: American Geophysical Union. Schmidt, K., A. Atkinson, K.-J. Petzke, M. Voss, and D. W. Pond. 2006. Pro<strong>to</strong>zoans as a Food Source for Antarctic Krill, Euphausia superba: Complementary Insights from S<strong>to</strong>mach Contents, F<strong>at</strong>ty Acids, and Stable Iso<strong>to</strong>pes. Limnology and Oceanography, 51: 2409– 2427. Siegel, V. 2000. Krill (Euphausiacea) Life His<strong>to</strong>ry and Aspects of Popul<strong>at</strong>ion Dynamics. Proceedings of <strong>the</strong> Second Intern<strong>at</strong>ional Krill Symposium, Santa Cruz, California, August 1999. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aqu<strong>at</strong>ic Sciences, 57 (Suppl. 3):130– 150.
298 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUETIN AND ROSS ———. 2005. Distribution and Popul<strong>at</strong>ion Dynamics of Euphausia superba: Summary of Recent Findings. <strong>Polar</strong> Biology, 29: 1– 22. Siegel, V., and V. Loeb. 1995. Recruitment of Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) and Possible Causes for Its Variability. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 123: 45– 56. Siegel, V., R. M. Ross, and L. B. Quetin. 2003. Krill (Euphausia superba) Recruitment Indices from <strong>the</strong> Western Antarctic Peninsula: Are They Represent<strong>at</strong>ive of Larger Regions? <strong>Polar</strong> Biology, 26: 672– 679. Smetacek, V., P. Assmy, and J. Henjes. 2004. The Role of Grazing in Structuring Sou<strong>the</strong>rn Ocean Pelagic Ecosystems and Biogeochemical Cycles. Antarctic Science, 16: 541– 558. Smetacek, V., R. Scharek, and E.-M. Nothig. 1990. “Seasonal and Regional Vari<strong>at</strong>ion in <strong>the</strong> Pelagial and Its Rel<strong>at</strong>ionship <strong>to</strong> <strong>the</strong> Life His<strong>to</strong>ry Cycle of Krill.” In Antarctic Ecosystems: Ecological Change and Conserv<strong>at</strong>ion, ed. K. R. Kerry and G. Hempel, pp. 103– 114. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Smith, R. C., W. R. Fraser, and S. E. Stammerjohn. 2003. “Clim<strong>at</strong>e Variability and Ecological Response of <strong>the</strong> Marine Ecosystem in <strong>the</strong> Western Antarctic Peninsula (WAP) region.” In Clim<strong>at</strong>e Variability and Ecosystem Response <strong>at</strong> Long-Term Ecological Research Site, ed. D. Greenland, D. G. Goodin, and R. C. Smith, pp. 158– 173. New York: Oxford University Press. Smith, R. C., and S. E. Stammerjohn. 2001. Vari<strong>at</strong>ions of Surface Air Temper<strong>at</strong>ure and Sea-Ice Extent in <strong>the</strong> Western Antarctic Peninsula Region. Annals of Glaciology, 33: 493– 500. Stammerjohn S. E., D. G. Martinson, R. C. Smith, and R. A. Iannuzzi. 2008. Sea Ice in <strong>the</strong> Western Antarctic Peninsula Region: Sp<strong>at</strong>io-Temporal Variability from Ecological and Clim<strong>at</strong>e Change Perspectives. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 55, doi:10.106lj.dsr2.2008.04.026. Takahashi, M., and Y. W<strong>at</strong>anabe. 2004. Growth R<strong>at</strong>e-Dependent Recruitment of Japanese Anchovy Engraulis japonicus in <strong>the</strong> Kuroshio- Oyashio Transitional W<strong>at</strong>ers. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 266: 227– 238. Turner, J. T. 2002. Zooplank<strong>to</strong>n Fecal Pellets, Marine Snow and Sinking Phy<strong>to</strong>plank<strong>to</strong>n Blooms. Aqu<strong>at</strong>ic Microbial Ecology, 27: 57– 102. Vaughan, D. G., G. J. Marshall, W. M. Connolley, C. Parkinson, R. Mulvaney, D. A. Hodgson, J. C. King, C. J. Pudsey, and J. Turner. 2003. Recent Rapid Regional Clim<strong>at</strong>e Warming on <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula. Clim<strong>at</strong>ic Change, 60: 243– 274. Vernet, M., D. Martinson, R. Iannuzzi, S. Stammerjohn, W. Kozlowski, K. Sines, R. Smith, and I. Garibotti. 2008. Primary Production within <strong>the</strong> Sea-Ice Zone West of <strong>the</strong> Antarctic Peninsula: Sea Ice, Summer Mixed Layer, and Irradiance. Deep-Sea Research, Part II, 55, doi:10.1016/j.dsr2.2008.05.021. Ward, P., S. Grant, M. Brandon, V. Siegel, V. Sushin, V. Loeb, and H. Griffi ths. 2004. Mesozooplank<strong>to</strong>n Community Structure in <strong>the</strong> Scotia Sea during <strong>the</strong> CCAMLR 2000 Survey: January– February 2000. Deep-Sea Research II, 51: 1351– 1367. W<strong>at</strong>kins, J. 1999. A Composite Recruitment Index <strong>to</strong> Describe Interannual Changes in <strong>the</strong> Popul<strong>at</strong>ion Structure of Antarctic Krill <strong>at</strong> South Georgia. CCAMLR Science, 6: 71– 84.
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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iefl y consider below some of the i
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ment. Consequently, the selective e
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the four main genera of brooding sc
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ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
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Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 201
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
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and perhaps others, may have invade
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colonizing the Arctic Ocean under c
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due in part to the great distances
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and (2) human-mediated responses to
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Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
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Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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There they found better observing c
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TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
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J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica