Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 203 TABLE 3. Two-sample t-test assuming unequal variances comparing areas in December 2006 to January 2007. a Parameter Elephant Island Out-groups Station depths Mean 208.2411765 274.6736842 Variance 8640.174871 11619.0328 Observations 51 38 df 73 t statistic �3.047557645 P(T � t) one-tail 0.001605534 t critical one-tail 1.665996224 P(T � t) two-tail 0.003211069 t critical two-tail 1.992997097 Number of octopods per tow Mean 18.23529412 7.184210526 Variance 733.5835294 45.66785206 Observations 51 38 df 58 t statistic 2.799243278 P(T � t) one-tail 0.003472082 t critical one-tail 1.671552763 P(T � t) two-tail 0.006944163 t critical two-tail 2.001717468 Number of species per tow Mean 3.215686275 2.473684211 Variance 3.77254902 1.877667141 Observations 51 38 Hypothesized mean difference 0 df 87 t statistic 2.11239907 P(T � t) one-tail 0.018759109 t critical one-tail 1.66255735 P(T � t) two-tail 0.037518218 a Out-groups are pooled samples from areas other than Elephant Island. In these analyses, the number of octopods per tow and the number of octopod species per tow were signifi cantly higher in the area around Elephant Island than in other areas, but the sampled depths around Elephant Island were shallower, which could be a confounding factor. Fogarty, M. J., and S. A. Murawski. 1998. Large-Scale Disturbance and the Structure of Marine Systems: Fishery Impacts on Georges Bank. Ecological Applications, 8(S1): S6– S22. Jackson, J., M. X. Kirby, W. H. Berger, K. A. Bjorndal, L. W. Botsford, B. J. Bourque, R. H. Bradbury, R. Cooke, J. Erlandson, J. A. Estes, T. P. Hughes, S. Kidwell, C. B. Lange, H. S. Lenihan, J. M. Pandolfi , C. H. Peterson, R. S. Steneck, M. J. Tegner, and R. R. Warner. 2001. Historical Overfi shing and the Recent Collapse of Coastal Ecosystems. Science, 293: 629– 638. Kock, K.-H., and C. Stransky. 2000. The Composition of the Coastal Fish Fauna around Elephant Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica). Polar Biology, 23: 825– 832. Smith, J., R. Stone, and J. Fahrenkamp-Uppenbrink. 2002. Trouble in Polar Paradise. Science 297: 1489.
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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130 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KRUP
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Page 198 and 199: Brooding and Species Diversity in t
Page 200 and 201: iefl y consider below some of the i
Page 202 and 203: ment. Consequently, the selective e
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Page 208 and 209: ing such cryptic speciation suggest
Page 210 and 211: LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
Page 212 and 213: Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
Page 214 and 215: Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
Page 216 and 217: ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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Page 222 and 223: Cold Comfort: Systematics and Biolo
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Page 226 and 227: BIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY OF ANTARCTIC BR
Page 228 and 229: yozoans (14.6%) and coelenterates,
Page 230 and 231: Himantozoum, and Kymella, averaging
Page 232 and 233: nanoplankton making up 83% of phyto
Page 234 and 235: SYSTEMATICS AND BIOLOGY OF ANTARCTI
Page 236 and 237: of benthic-pelagic coupling, factor
Page 238: Waters, A. W. 1904. Bryozoa. Result
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254 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MARS
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Milestones in the Study of Diving P
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airstrip and a few offshore marine
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(Falke et al., 1985) (Figure 3). Th
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Interannual and Spatial Variability
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FIGURE 1. The project study area sh
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transects. Transects radiated from
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INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY IN LIGHT AT
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INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY IN LIGHT AT
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TABLE 4. Mean PAR for each site for
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We derived measures of light attenu
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Life under Antarctic Pack Ice: A Kr
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primary producers and the upper tro
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Variability in the environment, inc
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TABLE 1. Diving projects at Palmer
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FIGURE 2. Growth rate (mm d �1 )
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has declined by 40%- 45% (Figure 4)
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Melnikov, I. 1998. Winter Productio
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Inhibition of Phytoplankton and Bac
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MATERIALS AND METHODS IRRADIANCE ME
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are seen to increase along with the
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INHIBITION OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND BAC
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Cullen, J. J., and P. J. Neale. 199
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Southern Ocean Primary Productivity
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ary at 58ºS. Ice concentrations an
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FIGURE 3. Mean monthly productivity
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Ross Sea. Tremblay and Smith (2007,
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and will provide insights into the
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Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matt
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concentrations are lower and the wa
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from 400 to 700 nm. The irradiance
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DOWNWELLING ATTENUATION COEFFICIENT
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y-intercept in Figure 7C denotes th
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our cruise, chl a concentrations va
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in coastal environments and propert
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Derived Organic Matter. Limnology a
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336 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / EISE
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348 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / RUIZ
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360 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WILS
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Feeding the Black Hole at the Cente
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WHAT IS THIS GAS DOING? Much has be
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HEAT: The High Elevation Antarctic
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star formation rate, so that we mig
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timately covering up to 240 square
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spheric opacity above the site is e
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382 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / TOTH
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388 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MCCO
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396 INDEX Antarctic Circumpolar Cur
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398 INDEX Dall, William Healy, 18,
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400 INDEX International Polar Year,
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402 INDEX NMAI. See National Museum
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404 INDEX crustaceans, 191-192 iron
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