Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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MATERIALS AND METHODS IRRADIANCE MEASUREMENTS Radiometers were mounted on top of a science mast (nominally 33 m above ocean surface). Photosynthetically available radiation (PAR, 400– 700 nm) incident on a fl at plane (2-� collector) was measured with a Biospherical Instruments (San Diego, California, USA) GUV 2511. Spectral UV irradiance was recorded with a Smithsoniandesigned multifi lter radiometer, the SR19, which measures between 290 and 324 nm with 2-nm bandwidth (FWHM) and resolution and at 330 nm with 10-nm bandwidth (technical description in Lantz et al., 2002). Broadband UV measurements (nominal 10 nm bandwidth) in the UV were also made by the GUV 2511. The transmission of downwelling irradiance (Ed[λ]) through the water column was measured by a free-fall, profi ling radiometer, the Biospherical Instruments PUV 2500. Four to fi ve casts were made near solar noon from 0 to 50 m, and attenuation coeffi cients (kd[λ]) were computed from the regression of log(Ed[λ]) versus depth. Profi les of Ed were recorded at 305, 313, 320, 340, and 395 nm (only kd[λ] are presented here) and for PAR. PRODUCTIVITY ASSAYS Sample water for the incubations was obtained with 30-L “Go-Flo” Niskin bottles (General Oceanics) mounted on a conductivity-temperature-depth (CTD) rosette. The CTD cast was made in open water at 5-m depth at approximately 0500 local time (LT) (GMT�13), ensuring minimal exposure to UV prior to incubation. The sample was immediately dispensed through wide-bore tubing and stored in the dark at 0°C until use. For photosynthesis assays, UVtransparent polyethylene sample bags (113-mL Whirl-Pak bag) were prepared by extensive rinsing with sample water. Then 14 C-bicarbonate was added to 700 mL of sample water (�1 �Ci/mL), which was distributed into 14 sample bags in 50-mL aliquots. The unfi lled portion of the bag was tightly rolled and twist sealed to prevent leakage. A second set of bags was prepared for measurements of bacterial productivity. Tritium ( 3 H) labeled thymidine (60 Ci/mmol) or 3 H-leucine (60 Ci/mmol) was added to 175 mL of seawater to a fi nal concentration of 10 nM for 19 January and 21 November and 20 nM for 28 November. Five milliliters of the amended solution were added to each of three Whirl- Pak bags, as for photosynthesis, such that triplicates for each substrate were placed at each depth. After inoculation, the bags for both photosynthesis and bacterial productiv- INHIBITION OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND BACTERIAL PRODUCTIVITY 301 ity were secured with plastic ties to 25 � 25 cm “crosses” made of UV-transparent acrylic sheet (Plexiglas) (Figure 1). Each “arm” was 10 cm wide; one set of replicate photosynthesis bags was fastened to one set of opposing arms, and triplicate 3 H-thymidine incorporation and triplicate 3 H-leucine incorporation bags were attached to each of the other two arms. Crosses were kept at 0°C and in the dark until just before deployment. These Plexiglas pieces were then secured at 1-, 2-, 3-, 4-, 5-, 7.5- and 10-m depth to a weighted line which passed through the center of each cross. A primary fl oat was attached at the surface along with a second fl oat containing a radar refl ector and a radio beacon. The array was hand deployed from the stern of the research vessel and followed for 12 h. Upon retrieval of the array, bags were quickly removed from the arms and transported to the laboratory in the dark. For photosynthesis, fi ve replicate aliquots (5 mL) were removed from the bags and analyzed for incorporated organic 14 C-carbon by acidifi cation, venting and scintillation counting. Replicate 1.5-mL samples for 3 H-thymidine or 3 H-leucine incorporation were removed from each Whirl-Pak bag and placed in 2-mL microfuge tubes containing 100 �L of 100% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Samples were processed via the FIGURE 1. Schematic diagram of “cross” supports for the in situ array. The cross pieces are 25 cm in length. Darker shaded boxes indicate position of the UV-transparent polyethylene (Whirl-Pak) incubation bags. The center circle indicates where the support attached to the incubation line.
302 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEALE ET AL. microcentrifugation method described by Smith and Azam (1992) as modifi ed by Pakulski et al. (2007). BIOMASS AND PHOTOSYNTHETIC QUANTUM YIELD Chlorophyll concentration and bacterial cell abundance was measured on aliquots of the early-morning 5-m sample at all cruise stations (including the incubation stations). Samples for chlorophyll were concentrated on glass fi ber fi lters (GF/F, Whatman Inc., Florham Park, New Jersey, USA) and extracted with 90% acetone overnight at 0ºC. After extraction, chlorophyll concentration was measured as the fl uorescence emission in a Turner 10-AU fl uoro meter calibrated with pure chlorophyll a (Sigma Chemical, St. Louis, Missouri, USA). Bacterial abundances were determined by epifl uorescence microscopy of 5– 10 mL of 4�, 6-diamidino- 2-phenylindole (DAPI) stained samples collected on black 0.2-�m polycarbonate fi lters (Porter and Feig, 1980). A pulse-amplitude-modulated fl uoro meter (Walz Water PAM, Effeltrich, Germany) with red LED (650 nm) excitation was used to assess the maximum photosynthetic effi ciency (quantum yield) of the samples. Measurements on the 5-m sample were made after at least one hour of dark incubation at 0ºC. The data are expressed as the PSII quantum yield, Fv/Fm � (Fm-F0)/Fm, which has been correlated with the maximum quantum yield of photosynthesis (Genty et al., 1989). F0 is the steady-state yield of in vivo chlorophyll fl uorescence in dark-adapted phytoplankton, and Fm is the maximum yield of fl uorescence obtained from the same sample during application of a saturating light pulse (400ms duration). SITE DESCRIPTION The Ross Sea polynya was sampled in two research cruises aboard the R/V Nathaniel B. Palmer taking place in December 2004 to January 2005 (NBP0409) and October through November 2005 (NBP0508). Overall trends in surface biomass are shown in Figure 2. During both years, this south central region of the Ross Sea supported a strong bloom of P. antarctica in November, peaking in early December (on the basis of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite images). The bloom slowly declined through January, becoming mixed with other species, mostly diatoms. Bacterial biomass displayed a more complex pattern, with biomass peaks occurring during each of the cruise periods. Bacterioplankton FIGURE 2. Time series of chlorophyll and bacterial cell concentration at 5 m for all stations in two cruises to the Ross Sea polynya. Bars indicate standard deviation of triplicate determinations. The two sampling periods for NBP0409 (December 2004 to January 2005) and NBP0508 (November 2005) are indicated by horizontal lines, and vertical arrows indicate dates of incubations.
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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130 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KRUP
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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iefl y consider below some of the i
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ment. Consequently, the selective e
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ated from the Antarctic. Strong cur
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the four main genera of brooding sc
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ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
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Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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206 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WINS
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Page 352 and 353: Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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colonizing the Arctic Ocean under c
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due in part to the great distances
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and (2) human-mediated responses to
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Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
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Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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There they found better observing c
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TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
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J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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370 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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372 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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374 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WALK
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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