Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 201 FIGURE 3. Relationship between number of octopods collected and approximate number of species collected in 2002. 2002, the larger catches of octopods around Elephant Island included a signifi cantly greater number of species than in the smaller out-group samples. DISCUSSION We have no quantitative information about the abundance of octopods in the area of Elephant Island prior to the onset of commercial fi shing in the area. Therefore, some unknown natural factor in that location could have resulted in high octopod abundances relative to levels in similar areas nearby. However, at least eight bottom-trawl surveys of the fi sh fauna around Elephant Island were conducted between 1976 and 1987 (Kock and Stransky, 2000), and we know of no indication of elevated octopod abundance in those surveys. Conversely, during a U.S. trawl survey in 1998, octopod abundance was higher around Elephant Island than off the South Shetland Islands (C. Jones, NMFS Antarctic Program, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, personal communications, 2002). These sampling efforts, together with the present surveys, revealed that bycatch fi sh species had recovered by the early 1990s but populations of target species had not fully recovered (Kock and Stransky, 2000; K.-H. Kock, Institute for Sea Fisheries, personal communication, 2002). The abundance of octopods may have increased coincidently with the recovery of populations of fi nfi sh bycatch. We are not sure why the overall abundance of octopods around Elephant Island was lower in 2006– 2007 than during previous surveys. Perhaps this is because the sampling was concentrated at somewhat shallower depths, which resulted in fewer catches with very high numbers of octopods (Figure 2). However, details of the confi guration of the trawl, such as height of the footrope above the rollers and the presence of a “tickler” chain, were modifi ed during this cruise to reduce the bycatch of sessile megafauna (e.g., sponges and cnidarians). It seems quite likely that these modifi cations affected the net’s sampling characteristics for benthic octopods. An indication that high numbers of octopods remained around Elephant Island during 2006– 2007 is found in the very high numbers of small specimens caught at three stations (59 specimens at station 614-3, 24 at 642-1, and 15 at 654-6) using a different gear type, an Agassiz beam trawl, not included in the comparisons presented here. The pattern reported here is consistent with other reports from around the world of elevated cephalopod abundances coincident with reduction of fi nfi sh populations by commercial harvesting. As the inferred increase in octopod abundance appears to be coincident with recovery of bycatch fi sh populations, release from predation pressure
202 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / VECCHIONE ET AL. TABLE 2. Two-sample t-test assuming unequal variances comparing areas in February 2002. a Parameter Elephant Island Out-groups Station depths Mean 256.9892857 265.8461538 Variance 6694.207844 14457.90058 Observations 28 26 df 44 t statistic �0.314090727 P(T � t) one-tail 0.377468272 t critical one-tail 1.680230071 P(T � t) two-tail 0.754936545 t critical two-tail 2.0153675 Number of octopods per tow Mean 42.85714286 18.07692308 Variance 1652.941799 609.6738462 Observations 28 26 df 45 t statistic 2.728499663 P(T � t) one-tail 0.004521735 t critical one-tail 1.679427442 P(T � t) two-tail 0.009043469 t critical two-tail 2.014103302 Number of species per tow Mean 5.535714286 4 Variance 6.406084656 7.36 Observations 28 26 df 51 t statistic 2.146507581 P(T � t) one-tail 0.018305786 t critical one-tail 1.675284693 P(T � t) two-tail 0.036611573 t critical two-tail 2.007582225 a Out-groups are pooled samples from southern South Shetland Islands plus Joinville Island. On the basis of these analyses, the depths of the stations sampled do not differ signifi cantly between the areas, but both the number of octopods per tow and the number of octopod species per tow were signifi cantly higher in the area around Elephant Island than in other areas. rather than competitive processes seems to be responsible for the good fortune of the octopods. Because ecological processes in polar regions tend to be comparatively slow, such ecosystem-level impacts of fi shing may take longer to become apparent than at lower latitudes but also may be very persistent. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We thank Karl-Hermann Kock and the Institute for Sea Fisheries in Hamburg, Germany, for allowing us to participate in these cruises, which were conducted by the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar Research in Bremerhaven, Germany. Silke Stiemer (Universitat Kiel) assisted with the fi eld work, and R. E. Young (University of Hawaii) and C. F. E. Roper (Smithsonian Institution) provided helpful comments on an early draft of the manuscript. LITERATURE CITED Allcock, A. L. 2005. On the Confusion Surrounding Pareledone charcoti: Endemic Radiation in the Southern Ocean. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 143(1): 75– 108. Allcock, A. L., U. Piatkowski, P. K. G. Rodhouse, and J. P. Thorpe. 2001. A Study on Octopodids from the Eastern Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Polar Biology, 24: 832– 838. Caddy, J. F., and P. G. Rodhouse. 1998. Cephalopod and Groundfi sh Landings: Evidence for Ecological Change in Global Fisheries? Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 8: 431– 444. Choi, J. S., K. T. Frank, W. C. Leggett, and K. Drinkwater. 2004. Transition to an Alternate State in a Continental Shelf Ecosystem. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 61:505– 510.
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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130 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KRUP
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Page 198 and 199: Brooding and Species Diversity in t
Page 200 and 201: iefl y consider below some of the i
Page 202 and 203: ment. Consequently, the selective e
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Page 208 and 209: ing such cryptic speciation suggest
Page 210 and 211: LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
Page 212 and 213: Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
Page 214 and 215: Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
Page 216 and 217: ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
Page 220: ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 203
Page 223 and 224: 206 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WINS
Page 240 and 241: Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
Page 242 and 243: Many theories have been hypothesize
Page 244 and 245: FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
Page 246 and 247: are wider and more bulbous in the a
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Page 250 and 251: faces for SEM observation. The spec
Page 252 and 253: DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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Page 258 and 259: Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
Page 260 and 261: TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
Page 262 and 263: attaching ice anchors to the chunks
Page 264 and 265: dumping of weight under water. The
Page 266 and 267: MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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266 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KOOY
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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300 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEAL
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310 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / SMIT
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320 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEB
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Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
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FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
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Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
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Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
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and perhaps others, may have invade
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colonizing the Arctic Ocean under c
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due in part to the great distances
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and (2) human-mediated responses to
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Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
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Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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There they found better observing c
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TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
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J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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370 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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372 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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374 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WALK
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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