Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199 FIGURE 2. Relationship between mean depth of tow and octopod catch in 2002 trawl samples from around Elephant Island and similar nearby areas: (a.) total number of octopods per tow, (b.) approximate number of octopod species per tow.
200 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / VECCHIONE ET AL. TABLE 1. Summary of octopod collections by cruise year and location. summary of the collections is presented in Table 1. Statistical comparisons used two-sample t-tests assuming unequal variances, with the a priori confi dence level for signifi cance at � � 0.05 (two tailed). Depths presented are based on the mean depth of each tow, calculated as the average of the depth at the beginning and at the end of the tow. RESULTS Although the depths of the 28 Elephant Island stations sampled in 2002 were slightly shallower than the 26 out-group stations, the difference was not statistically signifi cant. However, the total number of octopods collected per tow at Elephant Island averaged over twice as high (Table 2) as that at the out-group stations (signifi cant, p � 0.001). Had we included the 20 shallow-grid stations, the difference in catch between the areas would have been even greater (Table 1) because these tows included two catches that were anomalously high (98 and 306 octopods) for that depth range and strongly dominated by one shallowdwelling species, Pareledone charcoti (Joubin, 1905). Although the difference between areas in number of species collected was not great, it was statistically signifi cant. This Number 95% confi dence Year Location of stations Parameter a Maximum Mean interval Minimum 2006– 2007 Elephant Island 51 Depth (m) 486 208 26 62 catch 169 18 8 0 no. spp. 8 3 0.5 0 2006– 2007 out-group 38 depth (m) 490 275 35 87 catch 35 7 2 0 no. spp. 5 2 0.5 0 2002 Elephant Island 28 depth (m) 455 257 32 127 catch 145 42 16 1 no. spp. 9 6 1 1 2002 shallow grid 20 depth (m) 209 146 18 74 catch 306 37 15 4 no. spp. 7 4 1 2 2002 out-group 26 depth (m) 468 266 49 85 catch 80 18 10 1 no. spp. 10 4 1 1 1996 Elephant Island 38 depth (m) 477 243 33 89 catch 135 52 10 9 a Depth is based on mean depth of each tow, catch is the number of octopods per tow, and no. spp. is the approximate number of species per tow; no. spp. is not included for 1996 cruise because identifi cations have not yet been revised based on updated taxonomy resulting from 2002 cruise. is likely because an increased number of specimens in the catch generally includes a higher number of species (Figure 3) rather than because of a difference in species richness in the two areas. Depths of the 38 stations sampled around Elephant Island in 1996 were not signifi cantly different from those sampled in 2002, nor was the average catch signifi cantly different from the 2002 catch in the same area. Only three samples were collected in 1996 from the southern South Shetland Islands (in the same area as the out-groups in 2002) with the same net at similar depths; the catches in these samples were very low (12, 7, and 5 octopods). The few samples that were collected from Joinville Island in 2002 included the lowest numbers of octopods caught that year, but those were qualitatively similar to the octopod fauna of the Weddell Sea (Allcock et al., 2001). In 2006– 2007, both the mean depth and number of octopods per sample around Elephant Island were less than in 2002. The mean depth at the out-group stations in 2006– 2007 was somewhat greater than in 2002 and signifi cantly greater than the Elephant Island stations in 2006– 2007. However, the number of octopods per sample around Elephant Island was �2.5 times higher than in the out-group samples, a statistically signifi cant difference (Table 3). As in
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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130 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KRUP
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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146 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Page 198 and 199: Brooding and Species Diversity in t
Page 200 and 201: iefl y consider below some of the i
Page 202 and 203: ment. Consequently, the selective e
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Page 208 and 209: ing such cryptic speciation suggest
Page 210 and 211: LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
Page 212 and 213: Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
Page 214 and 215: Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
Page 218 and 219: ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 201
Page 220: ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 203
Page 223 and 224: 206 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WINS
Page 240 and 241: Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
Page 242 and 243: Many theories have been hypothesize
Page 244 and 245: FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
Page 246 and 247: are wider and more bulbous in the a
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Page 250 and 251: faces for SEM observation. The spec
Page 252 and 253: DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
Page 254 and 255: out its length. The pulp chamber al
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Page 258 and 259: Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
Page 260 and 261: TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
Page 262 and 263: attaching ice anchors to the chunks
Page 264 and 265: dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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266 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KOOY
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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300 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEAL
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310 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / SMIT
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320 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEB
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Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
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FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
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Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
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Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
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and perhaps others, may have invade
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colonizing the Arctic Ocean under c
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due in part to the great distances
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and (2) human-mediated responses to
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Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
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Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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There they found better observing c
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TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
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J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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370 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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372 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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374 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WALK
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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