Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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in ice sheets. The latest collapse of the Larsen B ice shelf in Antarctica in 2002, captured only because of frequent coverage by satellite imagery, illustrated this dynamic on astonishingly short time scales. These new “bits” of knowledge carry weighty implications: The rapid transfer of ice from the continental ice sheets to the sea could result in a signifi cant rise of sea level. Because of the global implications of the changes at the poles for ecosystems and human communities everywhere, IPY 2007– 2008 science aims to reach a wide audience, train a new generation of polar researchers, and galvanize public opinion through the associated education, outreach, and communication efforts. The 125-year history of polar scientifi c quests, like the much longer history of cooperative observations, involves scientifi c research questions, technological (including logistic) capabilities, and public perceptions. Since 1882– 1883, all IPY ventures have been about science done in extreme conditions, fruitful international cooperation, arctic air masses and polar fronts, melting ice caps, and rising sea levels. That is, the IPY studies are essentially “about us.” Each successive IPY has been based upon the technological innovations of its era and the leading scientifi c theories and hypotheses developed by its time. In 1881 at the start of IPY-1, the Russian meteorologist Heinrich Wild observed that “the good and favorable idea of Weyprecht . . . has survived the calamities of war, the discords of nations, the obstacles of jealous people, and the death of the author” (Baker, 1982:284). Today, in spite of intervening world wars and numerous discords and obstacles, this statement still rings true. The International Polar Year 2007– 2008 is solidly grounded in scientifi c cooperative efforts for the increase and diffusion of knowledge. Its goal, like those of its predecessors, is to advance research and communicate its wonders. It also aims to preserve the habitability of the planet. Joseph Henry would be pleased. LITERATURE CITED Allison, I., M. Béland, K. Alverson, R. Bell, D. Carlson, K. Dannel, C. Ellis-Evans, E. Fahrbach, E. Fanta, Y. Fujii, G. Glasser, L. Goldfarb, G. Hovelsrud, J. Huber, V. Kotlyakov, I. Krupnik, J. Lopez- Martinez, T. Mohr, D. Qin, V. Rachold, C. Rapley, O. Rogne, E. Sarukhanian, C. Summerhayes, and C. Xiao. 2007. The Scope of Science for the International Polar Year 2007– 2008. World Meteorological Organization, Technical Document 1364. Geneva: World Meteorological Organization. Anderson, K. 2006. “Mapping Meteorology.” In Intimate Universality: Local and Global Themes in the History of Weather and Climate, ed. J. R. Fleming, V. Jankovic, and D. R. Coen, pp. 69– 92. Sagamore Beach, Mass.: Science History Publications. ADVANCING POLAR RESEARCH 11 Anonymous. 1884. The International Polar Stations. Science, 4:370– 372. Baker, F. W. G. 1982. The First International Polar Year, 1882– 1882. Polar Record, 21:275– 285. Barr, W. 1983. Geographical Aspects of the First International Polar Year, 1882– 1883. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 73: 463– 483. ——— . 1985. The Expeditions of the First International Polar year, 1882– 1883. The Arctic Institute of North America, Technical Paper 29. Calgary, Alberta, Canada: University of Calgary. Bates, C. C., and J. F. Fuller. 1996. America’s Weather Warriors, 1814– 1985. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. Bjerknes, J., and H. Solberg, 1922. Life Cycle of Cyclones and the Polar Front Theory of Atmospheric Circulation, Geofysiske Publikationer 3(1): 3– 18. Bowman, I. 1930. Polar Exploration. Science, n.s., 72: 439– 449. Burch, Ernest S., Jr. 2009. “Smithsonian Contributions to Alaskan Ethnography: The IPY Expedition to Barrow, 1881– 1883.” In Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science, ed. I. Krupnik, M. A. Lang, and S. E. Miller, pp. 89– 98. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Cassidy, D. C. 1985. Meteorology in Mannheim: The Palatine Meteorological Society, 1780– 1795. Sudhoffs Archiv: Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftsgeschichte, 69: 8– 25. Chapman, S. 1959a. IGY: Year of Discovery. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ——— . 1959b. Presidential Address, 28 January 1957. Annals of the International Geophysical Year, 1: 3– 5. Crowell, Aron L. 2009. “The Art of Iñupiaq Whaling: Elders’ Interpretations of International Polar Year Ethnological Collections.” In Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science, ed. I. Krupnik, M. A. Lang, and S. E. Miller, pp. 99– 114. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. DuBois, J. L., R. P. Multhauf, and C. A. Ziegler. 2002. The Invention and Development of the Radiosonde with a Catalog of Upper- Atmospheric Telemetering Probes in the National Museum of American History. Smithsonian Studies in History and Technology, No. 53. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press. Espy, J. P. 1857. Fourth Meteorological Report. U.S. Senate, Ex. Doc. 65, 34th Cong., 3rd sess. Washington, D.C. Fleming, J. R. 1990. Meteorology in America, 1800– 1870. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ——— , ed. 2000. Geophysics and the Military. Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 30(2). [Special issue] Friedman, R. M. 1982. Constituting the Polar Front, 1919– 1920. Isis, 74: 343– 362. Fuller, J. F. 1990. Thor’s Legions. Boston: American Meteorological Society. Heathcote, N., and A. Armitage. 1959. The First International Polar Year (1882– 1883). Annals of the International Geophysical Year, 1: 6– 100. Herschel, J. 1836. Report of the Meteorological Committee of the South African Literary and Scientifi c Institution. Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, 21: 239– 246. Krupnik, Igor. 2009. “‘The Way We See It Coming’: Building the Legacy of Indigenous Observations in IPY 2007– 2008.” In Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar Year Science, ed. I. Krupnik, M. A. Lang, and S. E. Miller, pp. 129– 142. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. Laursen, V. 1951. Bibliography for the Second International Polar Year 1932– 3. Copenhagen, Denmark: Horsholm Bogtrykkeri. ——— . 1959. The Second International Polar Year. Annals of the International Geophysical Year, 1: 211– 234. Leep, R. 1996. “The American Meteorological Society and the Development of Broadcast Meteorology.” In Historical Essays on Meteorology, 1919– 1995, ed. J. R. Fleming, pp. 481– 507. Boston: American Meteorological Society.
12 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FLEMING AND SEITCHEK Luedecke, C. 2004. The First International Polar Year (1882– 83): A Big Science Experiment with Small Science Equipment. History of Meteorology, 1: 55– 64. ———. 2006. Changing Trends in Polar Research as Refl ected in the History of the International Polar Years. Unpublished manuscript. Institute for History of Science and Technology, University of Hamburg, Germany. Myer, A. J. 1874. Annual Report of the U.S. Army Signal Offi ce, 1874. Washington, D.C. National Research Council. 2007. Earth Observations from Space: The First 50 Years of Scientifi c Achievements. Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press. Odishaw, H. 1962. What Shall We Save in the Geophysical Sciences? Isis, 53: 80– 86. Shea, M. A., and D. F. Smart. 2006. Compendium of the eight articles on the “Carrington Event” attributed to or written by Elias Loomis in the American Journal of Science, 1859– 1861. Advances in Space Research, 38(2): 313– 385. Societas Meteorologica Palatina. 1783– 1795. Ephemerides, 12 vols. Weyprecht, K. 1875. Scientifi c Work on the Second Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition, 1872– 4. Royal Geographical Society Journal, 45:19– 33. Wood, K. R., and J. E. Overland. 2006. Climate Lessons from the First International Polar Year. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 87: 1685– 1697. ———. 2007. Documentary Image Collection from the First International Polar Year, 1881– 1884. http://www .arctic .noaa .gov/ aro/ ipy-1/ Frontpage.htm (accessed 2 November 2007).
Page 2 and 3: Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
Page 4 and 5: Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
Page 6 and 7: Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
Page 8: CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
Page 11 and 12: x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
Page 13 and 14: xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
Page 15 and 16: xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
Page 18 and 19: Advancing Polar Research and Commun
Page 20 and 21: James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
Page 22 and 23: ology fueled hopes that the scienti
Page 24 and 25: Meteorologists also provided critic
Page 26 and 27: visualize weather patterns remotely
Page 30 and 31: Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
Page 32 and 33: British Association for the Advance
Page 34 and 35: cations, in which the Smithsonian s
Page 36 and 37: ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
Page 38: Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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Page 53 and 54: 36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
Page 66 and 67: From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
Page 68 and 69: ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
Page 70 and 71: FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
Page 72 and 73: National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
Page 74 and 75: FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
Page 76 and 77: e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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iefl y consider below some of the i
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ment. Consequently, the selective e
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ated from the Antarctic. Strong cur
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the four main genera of brooding sc
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ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
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Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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206 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WINS
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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266 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KOOY
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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300 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEAL
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320 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEB
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Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
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FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
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Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
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Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
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and perhaps others, may have invade
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colonizing the Arctic Ocean under c
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due in part to the great distances
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and (2) human-mediated responses to
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Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
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Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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There they found better observing c
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TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
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J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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370 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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372 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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374 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WALK
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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