Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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unpublished observations); this species is restricted to the Southern Ocean. Calanids like Calanoides acutus, Calanus propinquus, Calanus simillimus, Calanus australis, and Neocalanus tonsus as well as eucalanids like Rhincalanus gigas and subeucalanids like Subeucalanus longiceps are considered epipelagic here because they spend their juvenile and adult life in near-surface waters. However, during seasonal episodes of low primary productivity, some late juvenile stages of the populations of each of these species descend to mesopelagic depths (Vervoort, 1957) to diapause. Two epipelagic calanoid species, Eucalanus hyalinus and Rhincalanus nasutus, do not occur in large numbers in the subantarctic region. North of the Subtropical Convergence, they often are encountered in warmer waters, and they have been collected in the north temperate region. Their taxonomy and distribution are well understood. Usually, only a few specimens are collected in pelagic samples from the Southern Ocean, and here these species are considered to be associated with habitats of low primary productivity. In summary, 13 calanoid species contribute to the epipelagic fauna of the Southern Ocean. Five of them are endemic south of the Antarctic Convergence and are very common throughout this region. Three species are endemic to the subantarctic region and occur throughout that region. However, the subantarctic endemics are not as numerous as the fi ve species endemic to the Antarctic region in midwater trawl samples. Three more epipelagic calanoid species occur widely in the subantarctic and temperate regions of the Southern Hemisphere. They are either common in productive coastal upwelling areas or are circumglobal in the West Wind Drift of the Southern Hemisphere. The broadest latitudinal range exhibited by subantarctic epipelagic calanoids is that of the two species of Eucalanidae that have been collected from the subantarctic region to the north temperate region. DEEPWATER CALANOIDS RESTRICTED TO THE SOUTHERN OCEAN Among the 184 species of deepwater calanoids found in the Southern Ocean, 50 species were originally described from the Southern Ocean and, to date, are known exclusively from there (Table 3). Twenty-four of these deepwater calanoids originally were described from waters south of the Antarctic Convergence and subsequently have been found exclusively in those waters; they are endemics of the Antarctic region. Of these 24 Antarctic endemics, six PELAGIC CALANOID COPEPODS OF THE SOUTHERN OCEAN 151 species have a distinctly localized distribution, occurring almost exclusively along the ice edge of Antarctica. There are four closely related species of the antarctica species group of Paraeuchaeta, plus one species each of Aetideopsis and Chiridiella. All six species have strongly built bodies and limbs and a well-sclerotized exoskeleton; they are presumed to be carnivores. Chiridiella megadactyla was described from a single female collected close to the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf and has not been found again. Aetideopsis antarctica, a rare species, was collected initially from waters beneath the edge of the Ross Ice Shelf (Wolfenden, 1908); it subsequently has been found several other times from the same habitat. Three of the four species of the antarctica species group of Paraeuchaeta, P. austrina, P. erebi, and P. tycodesma, have also been reported only a few times and collected only in small numbers. Paraeuchaeta similis, the fourth species of the group, has occasionally been reported to be quite common under the ice (Bradford, 1981), unlike the above three congeners of its species group, which are rare. However, P. similis also may be collected in the deeper layer of warm water (Vervoort, 1965b), well away from the ice edge. Here it occasionally may co-occur with P. antarctica (see Ferrari and Dojiri, 1987), the fi fth species of the group (Fontaine, 1988; Park, 1995). The three ice edge species of Paraeuchaeta, together with P. similis and P. antarctica, a species endemic to and abundant throughout Antarctic and the subantarctic regions (Park, 1978; Marín and Antezana, 1985; Ferrari and Dojiri, 1987), form the group of closely related species. Despite this close relationship, all fi ve of these species have been collected a number of times in the same midwater trawl from waters adjacent to the ice edge. Four other species, Batheuchaeta antarctica, B. pubescens, Pseudochirella formosa, and Onchocalanus subcristatus, were initially described from deep water south of the Antarctic Convergence. All have been collected only once, and each is known only from one or two specimens. The fi rst three are aetideids and are presumed to be carnivores; the last belongs to Phaennidae, a family of detritivores related to the Scolecitrichidae. These four species and the earlier mentioned Chiridiella megadactyla remain so poorly known that their taxonomic status and distribution cannot be confi rmed. Among the 24 species endemic to the Antarctic region, the remaining 14 species have been collected widely south of the Antarctic Convergence and, except for Euaugaptilus austrinus and Landrumius antarcticus, are either common or very common, so their taxonomy and distribution have been well established. Among them are three species of small calanoid copepods, Scaphocalanus vervoorti,
152 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK AND FERRARI TABLE 3. Abundances of deepwater calanoid species endemic to the Southern Ocean. CC, very common; C, common; R, rare; RR, very rare. Species name Abundance Species name Abundance Species occurring along the ice edge of Antarctica (6 spp.) Aetideopsis antarctica R Chiridiella megadactyla R Paraeuchaeta austrina R Paraeuchaeta erebi R Paraeuchaeta similis C Paraeuchaeta tycodesma R Species occurring widely in Antarctic waters (14 spp.) Euaugaptilus antarcticus CC Euaugaptilus austrinus R Euchirella rostromagna CC Haloptilus ocellatus CC Landrumius antarcticus R Onchocalanus magnus C Onchocalanus wolfendeni C Paraeuchaeta eltaninae C Scaphocalanus antarcticus CC Scaphocalanus subbrevicornis CC Scaphocalanus vervoorti CC Scolecithricella cenotelis CC Scolecithricella vervoorti C Spinocalanus terranovae C Species known from 1 or 2 specimens in Antarctic waters (4 spp.) Batheuchaeta antarctica RR Batheuchaeta pubescens RR Onchocalanus subcristatus RR Pseudochirella formosa RR Scolecithricella cenotelis, and Scaphocalanus subbrevicornis, that may occur in particularly large numbers in waters close to continent, where they may be encountered in relatively shallow water (Park, 1980, 1982). These small, abundant species all belong to the family Scolecitrichidae and are presumed to be detritivores. Two other small, common, pelagic calanoids, Scolecithricella vervoorti and Spinocalanus terranovae, are found exclusively in the Antarctic region but in relatively smaller numbers than the fi rst three. The former is a scolecitrichid. Spinocalanus terranovae belongs to the Spinocalanidae; its trophic niche is not known. Of the remaining nine deepwater species restricted to waters south of the Antarctic Convergence, all are relatively large calanoids. They can be divided into two groups. Four species are very common; in order of the number of specimens collected they are Euchirella rostromagna, Haloptilus ocellatus, Scaphocalanus antarcticus, and Euaugaptilus antarcticus. Three species are common, Onchocalanus wolfendeni, Paraeuchaeta eltaninae, and Onchocalanus Species occurring in both Antarctic and subantarctic waters (19 spp.) Aetideus australis C Candacia maxima R Cephalophanes frigidus C Heterorhabdus pustulifer C Heterorhabdus austrinus C Heterostylites nigrotinctus R Metridia pseudoasymmetrica R Paraeuchaeta antarctica CC Paraeuchaeta biloba CC Paraeuchaeta dactylifera C Paraeuchaeta parvula C Paraeuchaeta rasa CC Paraheterorhabdus farrani C Pleuromamma antarctica C Pseudochirella mawsoni C Scaphocalanus farrani CC Scaphocalanus parantarcticus CC Scolecithricella dentipes CC Scolecithricella schizosoma CC Species endemic to subantarctic waters (7 spp.) Aetideopsis tumorosa R Bathycalanus eltaninae R Bathycalanus unicornis R Bradycalanus enormis R Bathycalanus infl atus R Bradycalanus pseudotypicus R Candacia cheirura C magnus, and two species are rare, Euaugaptilus austrinus and Landrumius antarcticus. These large species are taxonomically diverse and belong to fi ve calanoid families (Appendix 2). There are 19 endemic species of calanoid copepods that have been found in both the Antarctic and the subantarctic regions, i.e., south of the Subtropical Convergence. Most prominent among them are fi ve species of Paraeuchaeta: P. antarctica, P. biloba, P. rasa, P. parvula, and P. dactylifera. Paraeuchaeta antarctica and P. rasa are among the most abundant carnivorous calanoids of the Southern Ocean. They are usually encountered south of the Antarctic Convergence but may be collected in small numbers to the north in open waters; P. antarctica has also been reported as far north as the Chilean fjords (Marín and Antezana, 1985). Paraeuchaeta biloba can be collected immediately adjacent to, and on either side of, the Antarctic Convergence. A unique record of the co- occurrence of these three species of Paraeuchaeta is from a deep midwater trawl sample (0– 1,295 m) taken
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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Page 140 and 141: FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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Page 144: the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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Page 198 and 199: Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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Page 208 and 209: ing such cryptic speciation suggest
Page 210 and 211: LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
Page 212 and 213: Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 201
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 203
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206 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WINS
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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266 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KOOY
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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300 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEAL
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310 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / SMIT
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320 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEB
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Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
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FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
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Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
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Latitudinal Patterns of Biological
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and perhaps others, may have invade
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colonizing the Arctic Ocean under c
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due in part to the great distances
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and (2) human-mediated responses to
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Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
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Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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There they found better observing c
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TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
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Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
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J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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370 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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372 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / MART
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374 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / WALK
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Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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STAR BIRTH FROM THE ANTARCTIC PLATE
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is constructing and deploying the P
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Antarctic Meteorites: Exploring the
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at the Field Museum, and pieces wer
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the description and curation of Ant
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led these committees throughout the
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Index AAUS. See American Academy of
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temperature, 350-355 tourism, 354 B
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Fishing. See also Biological invasi
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McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
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Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
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U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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