Smithsonian at the Poles: Contributions to International Polar

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temperature, 350–355 tourism, 354 Black holes, observations. See Antarctic Submillimeter Telescope and Remote Observatory Black, Richard, 54 Blee, Catherine, 55 Boas, Franz, 64–65, 70, 117–118, 131 Bockstoce, John, 91–92 Bodenhorn, Barbara, 96 Bogard, Don, 389, 393 Bowhead whales. See Whales Bowman, Isaiah, 6, 8 Brine channels, 244 Britannic Challenger (balloon), 53–54 British Association for the Advancement of Science, 14–15, 16 Brooding species. See Bryozoan, Antarctica; Invertebrates, marine Brouger-Lambert Law, 273 Brower, Jane, 100, 110 Brower, Ronald, Sr., 100, 102, 104–108, 110 Bruce, Miner, 100 Bryozoans, Antarctic, 205–219 Budd, William, 19 Bulletin of International Simultaneous Observations, 4–5, 16 Buoyancy compensator (BC), 246–247 Bureau of American Ethnology, 65, 94, 118 Bush, Vannevar, 25–26 Byrd, Richard E., 54 Calista Elders Council (CEC), 80, 82, 85 Canineq collection, 82 Carbon monoxide, as interstellar tracer, 369–372, 373, 381–384 Caribou hunting, 95, 101, 121 Cassidy, William, 388–390 Cawood, John, 15, 19–20 CDOM. See Chromophoric dissolved organic matter The Central Eskimo (Boas), 64–65 Chapman, Sydney, 1, 9, 24–28, 31, 35 Chaussonnet, Valérie, 70 Chlorophyll CDOM cycling, 321–322, 326–329 kelp productivity, 272, 273, 276, 277 phytoplankton and bacteria, 302 Southern Ocean, productivity, 310–311 Christie, Samuel Hunt, 15 Chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM), 319–331. See also Chlorophyll; Pack ice absorption spectra, 322–331 ecosystem effects, 320 photobleaching, 320 sources, 320, 330 INDEX 397 storage test, 323–324 study site, 321–322 transect studies, 324 Clarke, Roy S., Jr., 390–391 Climate change. See also Biological invasion; Climate studies arctic sites, loss of, 59 arctic storms, 136–137 arctic studies, 26, 72–73 birds, 138 bryozoans, 218 indigenous observations, 129–139 krill, 286, 287, 294–295 marine mammals, habitat and behavior, 137–138 sea ice, 134–138 Stonington Island, 56, 59 Climate studies, 1–11. See also Arctic studies; Cooperation, scientifi c Clouds, interstellar AST/RO observations, 363, 369–372, 381–384 HEAT observations, 373–379 life cycle, 373–374 Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS), 310 Cold adaptation, 253–262 Collaboration. See Cooperation, scientifi c Collins, Henry B., 67, 69, 132 Comité Spécial de l’Année Géophysique Internationale (CSAGI), 9, 27, 32–33 Cooperation, scientifi c, 13–20. See also International Geophysical Year astronomy, 16–17 Brussels meeting (1853), 19 Global Atmospheric Research Program (GARP), 9–10 Global Weather Experiment (GWE), 9–10 IPY-1, 13–20, 118 Magnetic Crusade, 14–15, 19 climate studies, 15–16 Venus, transits of, 14, 17–18, 19 Copepods, pelagic calanoid. See Pelagic calanoid copepods Corrigan, Cari, 390 Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE), 360 Cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation, 360–364 Cosmology, Antarctica, 359–364 atmospheric conditions, 360–362 development, 360–361 as quantitative science, 359–360 site testing, 361–362 telescopes and instruments, 363–364 Crustaceans. See Southern Ocean; Biological invasion Crary Science and Engineering Center, 393 Crowell, Aron, 70, 71, 72–74, 82 CSAGI. See Comité Spécial de l’Année Géophysique Internationale Currents. See Antarctic Circumpolar Current; Biological invasion
398 INDEX Dall, William Healy, 18, 63, 64 “Dark Sector,” 361. See also Cosmology, Antarctica Darlington, Jennie, 54 Davis, J. E., 17 Davis Strait, 6 “Deal 1” payload, 41–42 Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, 311 Dirksen, Everett, 28–29 Dissolved organic matter (DOM), 319, 330. See also Chromophoric dissolved organic matter Diving, x, xiv, 241–251 access through sea ice, 244–245, 267 animal and bird physiology, 265–270 animals as hazard, 248–249 decompression, 251 “diver down” fl ag, 248 emergencies, 249–250 environment, 243–244 environmental protection, 250 equipment, 245–247 fast ice, 243, 244, 265–266 ice-edge, 248 ice formation, 243–244 krill studies, 290–295 McMurdo Sound, 265–267, 270 minimum qualifi cation criteria, 242 pack ice, 244, 248, 290–292 physiological considerations, 250–251 polar operations, 244–247 science, necessity, 253–254, 261–262 “suit squeeze,” 247 underwater visibility, 244, 248 weight and trim systems, 246–247 Dome A, astronomical observations from, 377–378, 384–385. See also High Elevation Antarctic Terahertz Telescope Dome C, astronomical observations from, 385, 386 Doubly labeled water (DLW) technique, 339 Dowdeswell, Julian, 18 Dragovan, Mark, 361 Drake Passage, 186–187, 192 Dufek, George J., 56–57 Eagle (balloon), 50–51. See also Andrée, Solomon August Eicken, Hajo, 134 Ekholm, Nils, 51 Elephant Island. See Octopods, abundance Ellesmere Island, astronomical observations from, 385 Elliott, Henry W., 63 Elson, Thomas, 90 Emission Millimetrique (EMILIE), 360–361 Emmons, George T., 100, 106 Emperor penguins, 265–270 Environmental change. See Climate change Environmental cleanup, at Antarctic bases, 50, 54–55 Eskimos. See Native peoples; Yupik Eskimos; Yup’ik Eskimos The Eskimos About Bering Strait (Nelson), 65 Espy, James P., 3 Ethnological Results of the Point Barrow Expedition (Murdoch), 64–65, 110–111 Ethnology. See also Alaska; International Polar Year; Murdoch, John; Native peoples; Smithsonian Institution; Turner, Lucien early Smithsonian efforts, 62–65, 89–96, 99–100, 116– 121, 131–132 early Smithsonian exhibits, 65–66 public discovery of Eskimo art, 67–70 sale or barter of items, 94, 101 Smithsonian–Alaska connection, revitalizing, 70–72 Euphausia superba. See Krill, Antarctic Evolutionary temperature adaptation, 183 Ewing, Heather, 62 Exhibits Agayuliyararput/Our Way of Making Prayer, 79–80, 81–82 Arctic: A Friend Acting Strangely, x, xii, 73, 130 Crossroads Alaska, 70–71 Crossroads of Continents: Cultures of Siberia and Alaska, 69–70, 122 Crossroads Siberia, 70 The Far North: 2000 Years of American Indian and Eskimo Art, 67–68, 122 Inua: Spirit World of the Bering Sea Eskimo, 68–69, 70, 79–80, 122 Looking Both Ways: Heritage and Identity of the Alutiiq People, 71 Our Universes, 82 The People of Whaling, 100 Sharing Knowledge: The Smithsonian Alaska Collections, 72, 82, 100 Vikings: The North Atlantic Saga, 70 Expeditions. See also specifi c vessels; Barrow, Alaska; Henry, Joseph Austro-Hungarian North Pole Expedition (1872), 5 Belgica expedition, collections, 144, 206 Challenger expedition (1873–1876), 144, 181, 187, 189 Eclipse Expedition, 119 German Antarctic Expedition, 54 Norwegian-British-Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–1952), 26 Polaris Expedition (1871), 18–19 Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 55 Second Byrd Antarctic Expedition (1933–1935), 8 Field, Cyrus, 17 Fisher, William J., 65
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Smithsonian at the Poles Contributi
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Contents FOREWORD by Ira Rubinoff i
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Elaina Jorgensen, Alaska Fisheries
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CONTENTS vii Watching Star Birth fr
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x SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES blooms i
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xii SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Change
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xiv SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES Museum
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Advancing Polar Research and Commun
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James P. Espy (1785- 1860), the fi
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ology fueled hopes that the scienti
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Meteorologists also provided critic
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visualize weather patterns remotely
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in ice sheets. The latest collapse
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Cooperation at the Poles? Placing t
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British Association for the Advance
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cations, in which the Smithsonian s
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ence” (Robinson, 2006: 76), he ha
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Taylor, C. J. 1981. First Internati
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24 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KORSM
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36 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / De VO
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From Ballooning in the Arctic to 10
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ern Svalbard in 1896 (Capelotti, 19
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FIGURE 2. The Andrée campsite in 1
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National Zoo in Washington, D.C.—
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FROM BALLOONING TO 10,000-FOOT RUNW
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e rapidly deployed to South America
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“Of No Ordinary Importance”: Re
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1942). Ethnological collecting had
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group. More importantly, Murdoch’
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gan to study the question of Indian
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small museums and culture centers i
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fer of Alaskan objects and informat
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fi rst time in polar research— di
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Boas, Franz. 1888a. “The Central
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Lindsay, Debra. 1993. Science in th
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80 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / FIENU
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90 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / BURCH
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100 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / CROW
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From Tent to Trading Post and Back
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in befriending an extraordinary Inu
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The Smithsonian Institution’s pre
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of departure for research during th
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FIGURE 8. A drawing of the so-calle
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situated experiential education and
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the Past: Archaeologists, Native Am
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130 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KRUP
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144 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / PARK
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Brooding and Species Diversity in t
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iefl y consider below some of the i
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ment. Consequently, the selective e
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ated from the Antarctic. Strong cur
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the four main genera of brooding sc
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ing such cryptic speciation suggest
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LITERATURE CITED Absher, T. M., G.
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Madon-Senez, C. 1998. Disparité Mo
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Persistent Elevated Abundance of Oc
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ABUNDANCE OF ANTARCTIC OCTOPODS 199
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Considerations of Anatomy, Morpholo
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Many theories have been hypothesize
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FIGURE 4. A three dimensional recon
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are wider and more bulbous in the a
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mimicked the shape and profi le of
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faces for SEM observation. The spec
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DISCUSSION Imaging and dissection o
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out its length. The pulp chamber al
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pulpal neurons and dentin tubules.
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Scientifi c Diving Under Ice: A 40-
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TABLE 2. Principal Investigators an
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attaching ice anchors to the chunks
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dumping of weight under water. The
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MARINE LIFE HAZARDS Few polar anima
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Urine should be copious and clear a
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Environmental and Molecular Mechani
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face (�1.8°C) are likely to pose
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FIGURE 2. Illustrated selection shi
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FIGURE 4. Distribution of respirati
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invertebrates were placed in the ba
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Meehan, R. R., D. S. Dunican, A. Ru
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266 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KOOY
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272 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / DUNT
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286 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / QUET
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300 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / NEAL
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310 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / SMIT
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320 SMITHSONIAN AT THE POLES / KIEB
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Capital Expenditure and Income (For
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tal breeding systems (Boyd, 1998; T
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FIGURE 3. Pup mass gain in relation
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MONITORING FOOD CONSUMPTION DURING
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primary productivity in McMurdo Sou
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Non-steady-State Systems. Journal o
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Page 374 and 375: Lewis, P. N., M. Riddle, and C. L.
Page 376 and 377: Cosmology from Antarctica Robert W.
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Page 380 and 381: TELESCOPES AND INSTRUMENTS AT THE S
Page 382 and 383: Gaier, T., J. Schuster, and P. Lubi
Page 384: J. M. Kovac, C. L. Kuo, A. E. Lange
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Page 398 and 399: Watching Star Birth from the Antarc
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Page 412 and 413: Index AAUS. See American Academy of
Page 416 and 417: Fishing. See also Biological invasi
Page 418 and 419: McMurdo Station, xiv, 265-267, 393
Page 420 and 421: Rogick, Mary, 206 Ronne, Finn, 55 R
Page 422: U.S. Naval Support Force Antarctica
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