User Interface Design and Ergonomics - National Open University of ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

The term direct manipulation was introduced by Ben Shneiderman in his keynote address at the NYU Symposium on User Interfaces and more explicitly in Shneiderman (1983) to describe a certain ‘direct’ software interaction style that can be traced back to Sutherlands sketchpad. Direct manipulation captures the idea of “direct manipulation of the object of interest”, which means that objects of interest are represented as distinguishable objects in the UI and are manipulated in a direct fashion. Direct manipulation systems have the following characteristics: Visibility of the object of interest. Rapid, reversible, incremental actions. Replacement of complex command language syntax by direct manipulation of the object of interest. Figure 10: The text-book example of Direct Manipulation, the Windows File Explorer, where files are dragged and dropped. Figure 11: The screen of one of the earliest commercially available direct manipulation interfaces called MacPaint. 104
Advantages of Direct Manipulation Visually presents task concepts. Easy to learn. Errors can be avoided more easily. Encourages exploration. High subjective satisfaction. Recognition memory (as opposed to cued or free recall memory) Disadvantages May be more difficult to programme. Not suitable for small graphic displays. Spatial and visual representation is not always preferable. Metaphors can be misleading since the “the essence of metaphor is understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another”, which, by definition, makes a metaphor different from what it represents or points to. Compact notations may better suit expert users. 3.2 GRAPHIC DESIGN PRINCIPLES The graphic design of an interface involves decisions about issues such as where to put things on the screen, what size and font if type to use, and what colors will work best. For these questions as for other, more substantive design issues, intelligent borrowing should be your first approach. But that often leaves you with a lot of decisions still to be made. Here are a few principles of graphic design that will not only make your interface more attractive, but will also make it more usable. Each principle is accompanied by a description of WHY it is important. So you will be able to consider the tradeoffs when there is a conflict between two principles or between a design principle and a borrowed technique. a. The Clustering Principle: Organize the screen into visually separate blocks of similar controls, preferably with a title for each block. "Controls," as we use the word here, include menus, dialog boxes, on-screen buttons, and any other graphic element that allows the user to interact with the computer. Modern WIMP (Windows-Icons-Menus-Pointer) systems are a natural expression of the Clustering Principle. Similar commands should be on the same menu, which places them in close proximity visually and gives them a single title. Large numbers of commands related to a given area of functionality may also show up in a dialog box, again a visually defined block. But the same principle should apply if you are designing a special control screen with many buttons or displays visible, perhaps a touch-screen interface. The buttons for a given function should be grouped together, then visually delineated by color, or a bounding box, or surrounding space ("white space"). The principle should also be applied within WIMP systems when you design a dialog box: If there is a subgroup of related functions, put them together in the box. 105
Page 1:
] NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGER
Page 4 and 5:
National Open University of Nigeria
Page 6 and 7:
Summary ...........................
Page 8 and 9:
UNIT 3 - GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (
Page 10 and 11:
Assignments File Tutor-Marked Assig
Page 12 and 13:
2 DESIGN and DESIGNING GOOD USER IN
Page 14 and 15:
need both the study unit you are wo
Page 16 and 17:
CIT 711: USER INTERFACE DESIGN AND
Page 18 and 19:
UNIT 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF USER INTERFA
Page 20 and 21:
3.3 TYPES OF USER INTERFACES Curren
Page 22 and 23:
3.5 USER INTERFACE MODALITIES AND M
Page 24 and 25:
Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction
Page 26 and 27:
3.1.1 DESIGNING A GOOD USER INTERFA
Page 28 and 29:
widgets properly is to read and und
Page 30 and 31:
Figure 1:- Showing that alignment o
Page 32 and 33:
6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT a. How
Page 34 and 35:
A graphical user interface is a typ
Page 36 and 37:
Operating System. It is easy for a
Page 38 and 39:
A list of items from which to selec
Page 40 and 41:
collaborative work. For example, sc
Page 42 and 43:
MODULE 1 UNIT 4 HUMAN COMPUTER INTE
Page 44 and 45:
3.3 DIFFERNCES WITH RELATED FIELDS
Page 46 and 47:
window blinds to automobile braking
Page 48 and 49:
Wickens, Christopher D., John D. Le
Page 50 and 51:
The International Ergonomics Associ
Page 52 and 53:
approach, the Gilbreths reduced the
Page 54 and 55: 3.6 BENEFITS OF ERGONOMICS The thre
Page 56 and 57: Another key to reducing lumbar disc
Page 58 and 59: MODULE 2 - USER INTERFACE DESIGN TE
Page 60 and 61: methods include inspection methods,
Page 62 and 63: Determine time of each operation (b
Page 64 and 65: unable to understand new informatio
Page 66 and 67: M cones, or, misleadingly, green co
Page 68 and 69: Motor skill which is a learned seri
Page 70 and 71: MODULE 2 UNIT 2 UNDERSTANDING USERS
Page 72 and 73: The users of a system must be ident
Page 74 and 75: This example brings up an important
Page 76 and 77: whether you want to have a palette
Page 78 and 79: Task analysis which includes identi
Page 80 and 81: MODULE 2 UNIT 3 USER CENTERED DESIG
Page 82 and 83: or small body text is also hard to
Page 84 and 85: Introduction to User-centered desig
Page 86 and 87: organizations themselves. Interacti
Page 88 and 89: After thorough analysis using vario
Page 90 and 91: Interaction design which is the dis
Page 92 and 93: In human-computer interaction and c
Page 94 and 95: The preferred method for ensuring u
Page 96 and 97: 3.4 ISO STANDARDS FOR USABILITY ISO
Page 98 and 99: In this unit, you have been introdu
Page 100 and 101: affect the way the command is execu
Page 102 and 103: • Guides the user via the predefi
Page 106 and 107: There are two important reasons for
Page 108 and 109: 108
Page 110 and 111: UNIT 1 PROTOTYPING Table of Content
Page 112 and 113: Figure 12: The iterative steps of p
Page 114 and 115: select print Figure 13: An interfac
Page 116 and 117: Ambler, S.W. & Constantine, L.L. (2
Page 118 and 119: 3.2 LOW-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES Low-fid
Page 120 and 121: Figure 14:- Example of Sketching II
Page 122 and 123: Much more important for features th
Page 124 and 125: DENIM, an extension of SILK, is a t
Page 126 and 127: • Encourage menu & forms style, r
Page 128 and 129: Another problem is that native widg
Page 130 and 131: interfaces, so that a realistic sim
Page 132 and 133: UNIT 3 INPUT AND OUTPUT MODELS Tabl
Page 134 and 135: Recall that perceptual fusion means
Page 136 and 137: 3.2 OUTPUT MODEL There are basicall
Page 138 and 139: directly-mapped pixel image will no
Page 140 and 141: Most stroke models also include som
Page 142 and 143: UNIT 4 MODEL VIEW-CONTROLLER (MVC)
Page 144 and 145: 3.3.2 AS A DESIGN PATTERN MVC enco
Page 146 and 147: The Views are XForms controls for s
Page 148 and 149: UNIT 5 LAYOUTS AND CONSTRAINTS Tabl
Page 150 and 151: 3.5 CONSTRAINTS Constraints are rel
Page 152 and 153: 152
Page 154 and 155:
MODULE 4 UNIT 1 TECHNIQUES FOR EVAL
Page 156 and 157:
a. Card Sorting Card sorting is a w
Page 158 and 159:
Rapid prototyping is a method used
Page 160 and 161:
3.2.1 THE USE OF PROTOTYPES It is o
Page 162 and 163:
Dumas, J.S. and Redish, J.C. (1999)
Page 164 and 165:
the users' respect for you as a pro
Page 166 and 167:
the users will be and what kind of
Page 168 and 169:
speed whenever the average load was
Page 170 and 171:
Table 4:- Table: Average times for
Page 172 and 173:
phases: list the actions, and then
Page 174 and 175:
Nielsen and Molich used their own e
Page 176 and 177:
7.0 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
Page 178 and 179:
users. If you do not, you can be ba
Page 180 and 181:
If you are led to develop more and
Page 182 and 183:
It's very easy to shape the comment
Page 184 and 185:
a. Analyzing the Bottom-Line Number
Page 186 and 187:
you use. But then you need some way
Page 188 and 189:
ecruit test users with more similar
Page 190 and 191:
MODULE 4 UNIT 4 OTHER EVALUATION IS
Page 192 and 193:
3.2 CURRENT ISSUES CONCERNING EVALU
Page 194 and 195:
2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end this unit
Page 196 and 197:
It provides a real focal point for
Page 198 and 199:
3.3.4 CONDUCTING THE TEST Having co
Page 200:
The stages involved in usability te
show all

User Interface Design and Ergonomics - National Open University of ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?