User Interface Design and Ergonomics - National Open University of ...

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Most stroke models also include some kind of a graphics context, an object that bundles up drawing parameters like colour, line properties (width, end cap, join style), fill properties (pattern), and font. The stroke model may also provide a current coordinate system, which can be translated, scaled, and rotated around the drawing surface. We’ve already discussed the clipping region, which acts like a stencil for the drawing. Finally, a stroke model must provide a set of drawing primitives, function calls that actually produce graphical output. Many systems combine all these responsibilities into a single object. Java’s Graphics object is a good example of this approach. In other toolkits, the drawing surface and graphics context are independent objects that are passed along with drawing calls. When state like graphics context, coordinate system, and clipping region are embedded in the drawing surface, the surface must provide some way to save and restore the context. A key reason for this is so that parent views can pass the drawing surface down to a child’s draw method without fear that the child will change the graphics context. In Java, for example, the context can be saved by Graphics.create(), which makes a copy of the Graphics object. Notice that this only duplicates the graphics context; it doesn’t duplicate the drawing surface, which is still the same. 3.2.2 HINTS FOR DUBUGGING OUTPUT Wrong place: what’s the origin of the coordinate system? What’s the scale? Where is the component located in its parent? Wrong size: if a component has 0 width and 0 height, it will be completely invisible no matter what it tries to draw– everything will be clipped. 0 width and 0 height is the default for all components in Swing – you have to use automatic layout or manual setting to make it a more reasonable size. Check whether the component (and its ancestors) have nonzero sizes. Wrong color: is the drawing using the same color as the background? Is it using 100% alpha? Wrong z-order: is something else drawing on top? 4.0 CONCLUSION In this unit, you have been introduced to Input and Output models in detail. Different kinds of both input and output events have also be examined in greater detail. 140
5.0 SUMMARY • Input models are GUI programs that are designed to handle input asynchronously, receiving it as events. • There are two major categories of input events: raw and translated. A raw event comes right from the device driver while a raw event changed into an higher event is called translated. • Output model represented using components, strokes or pixels. • Issues in choosing output model includes layout, input redraw e.t.c. 6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT. a. Describe the Input and Output model. b. Highlight various issues considered in choosing output models. 7.0 FURTHER READING AND OTHER RESOURCES Boodhoo, Jean-Paul (August 2006). "Design Patterns: Model View Presenter". http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc188690.aspx. Retrieved on 2009-07-07. World Wide Web Consortium (December 9, 2008). "The Forms Working Group". http:// www.w3.org/MarkUp/Forms/. Retrieved on 2009-07-07. 141
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] NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGER
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National Open University of Nigeria
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Summary ...........................
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UNIT 3 - GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (
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Assignments File Tutor-Marked Assig
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2 DESIGN and DESIGNING GOOD USER IN
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need both the study unit you are wo
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CIT 711: USER INTERFACE DESIGN AND
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UNIT 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF USER INTERFA
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3.3 TYPES OF USER INTERFACES Curren
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3.5 USER INTERFACE MODALITIES AND M
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Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction
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3.1.1 DESIGNING A GOOD USER INTERFA
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widgets properly is to read and und
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Figure 1:- Showing that alignment o
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6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT a. How
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A graphical user interface is a typ
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Operating System. It is easy for a
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A list of items from which to selec
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collaborative work. For example, sc
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MODULE 1 UNIT 4 HUMAN COMPUTER INTE
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3.3 DIFFERNCES WITH RELATED FIELDS
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window blinds to automobile braking
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Wickens, Christopher D., John D. Le
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The International Ergonomics Associ
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approach, the Gilbreths reduced the
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3.6 BENEFITS OF ERGONOMICS The thre
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Another key to reducing lumbar disc
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MODULE 2 - USER INTERFACE DESIGN TE
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methods include inspection methods,
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Determine time of each operation (b
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unable to understand new informatio
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M cones, or, misleadingly, green co
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Motor skill which is a learned seri
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MODULE 2 UNIT 2 UNDERSTANDING USERS
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The users of a system must be ident
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This example brings up an important
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whether you want to have a palette
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Task analysis which includes identi
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MODULE 2 UNIT 3 USER CENTERED DESIG
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or small body text is also hard to
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Introduction to User-centered desig
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organizations themselves. Interacti
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After thorough analysis using vario
Page 90 and 91: Interaction design which is the dis
Page 92 and 93: In human-computer interaction and c
Page 94 and 95: The preferred method for ensuring u
Page 96 and 97: 3.4 ISO STANDARDS FOR USABILITY ISO
Page 98 and 99: In this unit, you have been introdu
Page 100 and 101: affect the way the command is execu
Page 102 and 103: • Guides the user via the predefi
Page 104 and 105: The term direct manipulation was in
Page 106 and 107: There are two important reasons for
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Page 110 and 111: UNIT 1 PROTOTYPING Table of Content
Page 112 and 113: Figure 12: The iterative steps of p
Page 114 and 115: select print Figure 13: An interfac
Page 116 and 117: Ambler, S.W. & Constantine, L.L. (2
Page 118 and 119: 3.2 LOW-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES Low-fid
Page 120 and 121: Figure 14:- Example of Sketching II
Page 122 and 123: Much more important for features th
Page 124 and 125: DENIM, an extension of SILK, is a t
Page 126 and 127: • Encourage menu & forms style, r
Page 128 and 129: Another problem is that native widg
Page 130 and 131: interfaces, so that a realistic sim
Page 132 and 133: UNIT 3 INPUT AND OUTPUT MODELS Tabl
Page 134 and 135: Recall that perceptual fusion means
Page 136 and 137: 3.2 OUTPUT MODEL There are basicall
Page 138 and 139: directly-mapped pixel image will no
Page 142 and 143: UNIT 4 MODEL VIEW-CONTROLLER (MVC)
Page 144 and 145: 3.3.2 AS A DESIGN PATTERN MVC enco
Page 146 and 147: The Views are XForms controls for s
Page 148 and 149: UNIT 5 LAYOUTS AND CONSTRAINTS Tabl
Page 150 and 151: 3.5 CONSTRAINTS Constraints are rel
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Page 154 and 155: MODULE 4 UNIT 1 TECHNIQUES FOR EVAL
Page 156 and 157: a. Card Sorting Card sorting is a w
Page 158 and 159: Rapid prototyping is a method used
Page 160 and 161: 3.2.1 THE USE OF PROTOTYPES It is o
Page 162 and 163: Dumas, J.S. and Redish, J.C. (1999)
Page 164 and 165: the users' respect for you as a pro
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Page 168 and 169: speed whenever the average load was
Page 170 and 171: Table 4:- Table: Average times for
Page 172 and 173: phases: list the actions, and then
Page 174 and 175: Nielsen and Molich used their own e
Page 176 and 177: 7.0 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
Page 178 and 179: users. If you do not, you can be ba
Page 180 and 181: If you are led to develop more and
Page 182 and 183: It's very easy to shape the comment
Page 184 and 185: a. Analyzing the Bottom-Line Number
Page 186 and 187: you use. But then you need some way
Page 188 and 189: ecruit test users with more similar
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MODULE 4 UNIT 4 OTHER EVALUATION IS
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3.2 CURRENT ISSUES CONCERNING EVALU
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2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end this unit
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It provides a real focal point for
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3.3.4 CONDUCTING THE TEST Having co
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The stages involved in usability te
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