User Interface Design and Ergonomics - National Open University of ...

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Another problem is that native widgets may not exist for all the widgets the crossplatform toolkit wants to provide. AWT throws up its hands at this problem, providing only the widgets that occur on every platform AWT runs on: e.g., buttons, menus, list boxes, text boxes. One reason NOT to reuse the native widgets is so that the application looks and behaves consistently with itself across platforms – a variant of internal consistency, if you consider all the instantiations of an application on various platforms as being part of the same system. Cross-platform consistency makes it easier to deliver a well-designed, usable application on all platforms – easier to write documentation and training materials, for example. Java Swing provides this by reimplementing the widget set using its default (“Metal”) look and feel. This essentially creates a Java “platform”, independent of and distinct from the native platform. 3.6.1 PICCOLO TOOLKIT Piccolo is a novel UI toolkit developed at University of Maryland. Piccolo is specially designed for building zoomable interfaces, which use smooth animated panning and zooming around a large space. We can look at Piccolo in terms of the various aspects we have discussed in this unit. Layering: First, Piccolo is a layered toolkit: it runs on top of Java Swing. It also runs on top of .NET, making it a cross-platform toolkit. Piccolo ignores the platform widgets entirely, making no attempt to reimplement or reuse them. (An earlier version of Piccolo, called Jazz, could reuse Swing widgets.) Components: Piccolo has a view hierarchy consisting of PNode objects. The hierarchy is not merely a tree, but in fact a graph: you can install camera objects in the hierarchy which act as viewports to other parts of the hierarchy, so a component may be seen in more than one place on the screen. Another distinction between Piccolo and other toolkits is that every component has an arbitrary transform relative to its parent’s coordinate system – not just translation (which all toolkits provide), but also rotation and scaling. Furthermore, in Piccolo, parents do not clip their children by default. If you want this behavior, you have to request it by inserting a special clipping object (a component) into the hierarchy. As a result, components in Piccolo have two bounding boxes – the bounding box of the node itself (getBounds()), and the bounding box of the node’s entire subtree (getFullBounds()). Strokes: Piccolo uses the Swing Graphics package, augmented with a little information such as the camera and transformations in use. Pixels: Piccolo uses Swing images for direct pixel representations. Input: Piccolo has the usual mouse and keyboard input (encapsulated in a single eventhandling interface called BasicInput), plus generic controllers for common operations 128
like dragging, panning, and zooming. By default, panning and zooming is attached to any camera you create: dragging with the left mouse button moves the camera view around, and dragging with the right mouse button zooms in and out. Widgets: the widget set for Piccolo is fairly small by comparison with toolkits like Swing and .NET, probably because Piccolo is a research project with limited resources. It’s worth noting, however, that Piccolo provides reusable components for shapes (e.g. lines, rectangles, ellipses, etc), which in other toolkits would require revering to the stroke model. 3.7 THE WIZARD OF OZ PROTOTYPE The Wizard of Oz is a 1939 American musical-fantasy film mainly directed by Victor Fleming and based on the 1900 children’s novel The Wonderful Wizard of Oz by L. Frank Baum. A Wizard of Oz prototype uses a human in the backend, but the frontend is an actual computer system instead of a paper mockup. The term Wizard of Oz comes from the movie of the same name, in which the wizard was a man hiding behind a curtain, controlling a massive and impressive display. In a Wizard of Oz prototype, the “wizard” is usually but not always hidden from the user. Wizard of Oz prototypes are often used to simulate future technology that is not available yet, particularly artificial intelligence. A famous example was the listening typewriter. This study sought to compare the effectiveness and acceptability of isolated-word speech recognition, which was the state of the art in the early 80’s, with continuous speech recognition, which wasn’t possible yet. The interface was a speech-operated text editor. Users looked at a screen and dictated into a microphone, which was connected to a typist (the wizard) in another room. Using a keyboard, the wizard operated the editor showing on the user’s screen. The wizard’s skill was critical in this experiment. She could type 80 wpm, she practiced with the simulation for several weeks (with some iterative design on the simulator to improve her interface), and she was careful to type exactly what the user said, even exclamations and parenthetical comments or asides. The computer helped make her responses a more accurate simulation of computer speech recognition. It looked up every word she typed in a fixed dictionary, and any words that were not present were replaced with X’s, to simulate misrecognition. Furthermore, in order to simulate the computer’s ignorance of context, homophones were replaced with the most common spelling, so “done” replaced “dun”, and “in” replaced “inn”. The result was an extremely effective illusion. Most users were surprised when told (midway through the experiment) that a human was listening to them and doing the typing. Thinking and acting mechanically is harder for a wizard than it is for a paper prototype simulator, because the tasks for which Wizard of Oz testing is used tend to be more “intelligent”. It helps if the wizard is personally familiar with the capabilities of similar 129
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] NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGER
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National Open University of Nigeria
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Summary ...........................
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UNIT 3 - GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (
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Assignments File Tutor-Marked Assig
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2 DESIGN and DESIGNING GOOD USER IN
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need both the study unit you are wo
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CIT 711: USER INTERFACE DESIGN AND
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UNIT 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF USER INTERFA
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3.3 TYPES OF USER INTERFACES Curren
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3.5 USER INTERFACE MODALITIES AND M
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Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction
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3.1.1 DESIGNING A GOOD USER INTERFA
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widgets properly is to read and und
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Figure 1:- Showing that alignment o
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6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT a. How
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A graphical user interface is a typ
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Operating System. It is easy for a
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A list of items from which to selec
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collaborative work. For example, sc
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MODULE 1 UNIT 4 HUMAN COMPUTER INTE
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3.3 DIFFERNCES WITH RELATED FIELDS
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window blinds to automobile braking
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Wickens, Christopher D., John D. Le
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The International Ergonomics Associ
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approach, the Gilbreths reduced the
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3.6 BENEFITS OF ERGONOMICS The thre
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Another key to reducing lumbar disc
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MODULE 2 - USER INTERFACE DESIGN TE
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methods include inspection methods,
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Determine time of each operation (b
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unable to understand new informatio
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M cones, or, misleadingly, green co
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Motor skill which is a learned seri
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MODULE 2 UNIT 2 UNDERSTANDING USERS
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The users of a system must be ident
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This example brings up an important
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whether you want to have a palette
Page 78 and 79: Task analysis which includes identi
Page 80 and 81: MODULE 2 UNIT 3 USER CENTERED DESIG
Page 82 and 83: or small body text is also hard to
Page 84 and 85: Introduction to User-centered desig
Page 86 and 87: organizations themselves. Interacti
Page 88 and 89: After thorough analysis using vario
Page 90 and 91: Interaction design which is the dis
Page 92 and 93: In human-computer interaction and c
Page 94 and 95: The preferred method for ensuring u
Page 96 and 97: 3.4 ISO STANDARDS FOR USABILITY ISO
Page 98 and 99: In this unit, you have been introdu
Page 100 and 101: affect the way the command is execu
Page 102 and 103: • Guides the user via the predefi
Page 104 and 105: The term direct manipulation was in
Page 106 and 107: There are two important reasons for
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Page 110 and 111: UNIT 1 PROTOTYPING Table of Content
Page 112 and 113: Figure 12: The iterative steps of p
Page 114 and 115: select print Figure 13: An interfac
Page 116 and 117: Ambler, S.W. & Constantine, L.L. (2
Page 118 and 119: 3.2 LOW-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES Low-fid
Page 120 and 121: Figure 14:- Example of Sketching II
Page 122 and 123: Much more important for features th
Page 124 and 125: DENIM, an extension of SILK, is a t
Page 126 and 127: • Encourage menu & forms style, r
Page 130 and 131: interfaces, so that a realistic sim
Page 132 and 133: UNIT 3 INPUT AND OUTPUT MODELS Tabl
Page 134 and 135: Recall that perceptual fusion means
Page 136 and 137: 3.2 OUTPUT MODEL There are basicall
Page 138 and 139: directly-mapped pixel image will no
Page 140 and 141: Most stroke models also include som
Page 142 and 143: UNIT 4 MODEL VIEW-CONTROLLER (MVC)
Page 144 and 145: 3.3.2 AS A DESIGN PATTERN MVC enco
Page 146 and 147: The Views are XForms controls for s
Page 148 and 149: UNIT 5 LAYOUTS AND CONSTRAINTS Tabl
Page 150 and 151: 3.5 CONSTRAINTS Constraints are rel
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Page 154 and 155: MODULE 4 UNIT 1 TECHNIQUES FOR EVAL
Page 156 and 157: a. Card Sorting Card sorting is a w
Page 158 and 159: Rapid prototyping is a method used
Page 160 and 161: 3.2.1 THE USE OF PROTOTYPES It is o
Page 162 and 163: Dumas, J.S. and Redish, J.C. (1999)
Page 164 and 165: the users' respect for you as a pro
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Page 168 and 169: speed whenever the average load was
Page 170 and 171: Table 4:- Table: Average times for
Page 172 and 173: phases: list the actions, and then
Page 174 and 175: Nielsen and Molich used their own e
Page 176 and 177: 7.0 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
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users. If you do not, you can be ba
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If you are led to develop more and
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It's very easy to shape the comment
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a. Analyzing the Bottom-Line Number
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you use. But then you need some way
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ecruit test users with more similar
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MODULE 4 UNIT 4 OTHER EVALUATION IS
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3.2 CURRENT ISSUES CONCERNING EVALU
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2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end this unit
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It provides a real focal point for
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3.3.4 CONDUCTING THE TEST Having co
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The stages involved in usability te
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