User Interface Design and Ergonomics - National Open University of ...

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Much more important for features that are hard to implement such as speech and handwriting recognition. 3.3 MEDIUM-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES Medium-fidelity prototypes lie on the continuum between low- and high-fidelity prototypes, thus sharing some of the advantages and disadvantages of the other two fidelities. Medium-fidelity prototypes are refined versions of the low-fidelity prototypes and are created on computer. They are best used after low-fidelity prototyping once only a small number of alternative designs remain under consideration and require further refinement. They resemble the end product more than low-fidelity prototypes and require less effort than high-fidelity prototypes. Medium-fidelity prototypes are commonly created using multimedia design tools, interface builders, or certain scripting languages. 3.4 HIGH-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES High-fidelity prototypes also known as Hi-fi prototypes allow users to interact with the prototypes as though they are the end product. High-fidelity prototypes strongly represent the final product in terms of visual appearance, interactivity, and navigation. As well, high-fidelity prototypes usually have some level of functionality implemented and may link to some sample data. High-fidelity prototypes are computer-based prototypes that are often developed using interface builders or scripting languages to speed up the process. High-fidelity prototypes are particularly useful for performing user evaluations as well as for serving as a specification for developers and as a tool for marketing and stakeholder buy-in. On the negative side, these prototypes are time-consuming and costly to develop. As such, high-fidelity prototypes are best used near the end of the design phase once the user interface requirements have been fully understood and a single design has been agreed upon. 3.5 USER INTERFACE PROTOTYPING TOOLS Today, the majority of applications are developed using some type of user interface prototyping tool such as an interface builder or a multimedia design tool. However, there are several limitations in using these types of tools that hinder the design process. In attempts to overcome some of these limitations, researchers in the academic community have been investigating informal prototyping tools such as SILK, DENIM, and Freeform. While useful, these tools are not without drawbacks. a. Interface Builders Interface builders are tools for creating and laying out user interfaces by allowing interface components to be dragged and placed into position on the desired window or dialog box. Some commercial examples include Microsoft Visual Basic, Java’s NetBeansTM, Borland DelphiTM, and MetrowerksTM CodeWarriorTM. While interface 122
uilders are primarily intended for final product implementation, they are useful for medium- and high-fidelity prototyping. Interface builders are commonly used for the following reasons: They visually represent visual concepts such as layout, They speed up implementation by auto-generating certain code, They are generally easy to use even for non-programmers. On the other hand, interface builders are restrictive in terms of what designs designers can build and the order in which designers have to build it. Also, interface builders require significant time and effort to create a prototype. Thus they are not suitable for early stages of prototyping when many alternate and ill-defined design concepts need to be explored. b. Multimedia Design Tools Multimedia design tools are often used in designing user interfaces, not because they are particularly well suited for software interfaces, but rather because of the lack of better prototyping-specific tools. Multimedia tools are useful in creating and demonstrating storyboards in medium-fidelity prototyping. Specifically, multimedia tools allow for creation of images that can represent user interface screens and components. They also allow for playing out transitions from one screen to the next that can convey the general picture of a user navigating through the interface screens. On the negative side, the interactivity supported by multimedia design tools is very limited, usually to only basic mouse clicks, and so is support for creating functionality and tying in data. Examples of commonly used commercial multimedia design tools are Macromedia Director and Flash. Apple HyperCard is another commercial tool that has been widely used in the past. There have also been several multimedia tools to come out of the user interface research community including DEMAIS and Anecdote. c. SILK SILK was one of the first tools to support informal sketching of user interfaces. The purpose of SILK is to preserve the benefits of paper-based sketching while taking advantage of computerized design tools’ features. The main features of SILK include support for stylus-based freehand sketching, annotation layers that allow for notes to be created and associated with specific user interface elements, and a run mode to show screen transitions. Also, SILK attempts to provide support for transitioning to higherfidelity prototyping through automatic interface component recognition and transformation to real components; however, this feature is not suitable for low-fidelity prototyping and restricts the designer to existing toolkit components and interactions. d. DENIM 123
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] NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGER
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National Open University of Nigeria
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Summary ...........................
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UNIT 3 - GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (
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Assignments File Tutor-Marked Assig
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2 DESIGN and DESIGNING GOOD USER IN
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need both the study unit you are wo
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CIT 711: USER INTERFACE DESIGN AND
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UNIT 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF USER INTERFA
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3.3 TYPES OF USER INTERFACES Curren
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3.5 USER INTERFACE MODALITIES AND M
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Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction
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3.1.1 DESIGNING A GOOD USER INTERFA
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widgets properly is to read and und
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Figure 1:- Showing that alignment o
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6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT a. How
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A graphical user interface is a typ
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Operating System. It is easy for a
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A list of items from which to selec
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collaborative work. For example, sc
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MODULE 1 UNIT 4 HUMAN COMPUTER INTE
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3.3 DIFFERNCES WITH RELATED FIELDS
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window blinds to automobile braking
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Wickens, Christopher D., John D. Le
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The International Ergonomics Associ
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approach, the Gilbreths reduced the
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3.6 BENEFITS OF ERGONOMICS The thre
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Another key to reducing lumbar disc
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MODULE 2 - USER INTERFACE DESIGN TE
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methods include inspection methods,
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Determine time of each operation (b
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unable to understand new informatio
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M cones, or, misleadingly, green co
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Motor skill which is a learned seri
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MODULE 2 UNIT 2 UNDERSTANDING USERS
Page 72 and 73: The users of a system must be ident
Page 74 and 75: This example brings up an important
Page 76 and 77: whether you want to have a palette
Page 78 and 79: Task analysis which includes identi
Page 80 and 81: MODULE 2 UNIT 3 USER CENTERED DESIG
Page 82 and 83: or small body text is also hard to
Page 84 and 85: Introduction to User-centered desig
Page 86 and 87: organizations themselves. Interacti
Page 88 and 89: After thorough analysis using vario
Page 90 and 91: Interaction design which is the dis
Page 92 and 93: In human-computer interaction and c
Page 94 and 95: The preferred method for ensuring u
Page 96 and 97: 3.4 ISO STANDARDS FOR USABILITY ISO
Page 98 and 99: In this unit, you have been introdu
Page 100 and 101: affect the way the command is execu
Page 102 and 103: • Guides the user via the predefi
Page 104 and 105: The term direct manipulation was in
Page 106 and 107: There are two important reasons for
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Page 110 and 111: UNIT 1 PROTOTYPING Table of Content
Page 112 and 113: Figure 12: The iterative steps of p
Page 114 and 115: select print Figure 13: An interfac
Page 116 and 117: Ambler, S.W. & Constantine, L.L. (2
Page 118 and 119: 3.2 LOW-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES Low-fid
Page 120 and 121: Figure 14:- Example of Sketching II
Page 124 and 125: DENIM, an extension of SILK, is a t
Page 126 and 127: • Encourage menu & forms style, r
Page 128 and 129: Another problem is that native widg
Page 130 and 131: interfaces, so that a realistic sim
Page 132 and 133: UNIT 3 INPUT AND OUTPUT MODELS Tabl
Page 134 and 135: Recall that perceptual fusion means
Page 136 and 137: 3.2 OUTPUT MODEL There are basicall
Page 138 and 139: directly-mapped pixel image will no
Page 140 and 141: Most stroke models also include som
Page 142 and 143: UNIT 4 MODEL VIEW-CONTROLLER (MVC)
Page 144 and 145: 3.3.2 AS A DESIGN PATTERN MVC enco
Page 146 and 147: The Views are XForms controls for s
Page 148 and 149: UNIT 5 LAYOUTS AND CONSTRAINTS Tabl
Page 150 and 151: 3.5 CONSTRAINTS Constraints are rel
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Page 154 and 155: MODULE 4 UNIT 1 TECHNIQUES FOR EVAL
Page 156 and 157: a. Card Sorting Card sorting is a w
Page 158 and 159: Rapid prototyping is a method used
Page 160 and 161: 3.2.1 THE USE OF PROTOTYPES It is o
Page 162 and 163: Dumas, J.S. and Redish, J.C. (1999)
Page 164 and 165: the users' respect for you as a pro
Page 166 and 167: the users will be and what kind of
Page 168 and 169: speed whenever the average load was
Page 170 and 171: Table 4:- Table: Average times for
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phases: list the actions, and then
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Nielsen and Molich used their own e
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7.0 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
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users. If you do not, you can be ba
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If you are led to develop more and
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It's very easy to shape the comment
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a. Analyzing the Bottom-Line Number
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you use. But then you need some way
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ecruit test users with more similar
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MODULE 4 UNIT 4 OTHER EVALUATION IS
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3.2 CURRENT ISSUES CONCERNING EVALU
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2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end this unit
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It provides a real focal point for
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3.3.4 CONDUCTING THE TEST Having co
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The stages involved in usability te
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