User Interface Design and Ergonomics - National Open University of ...

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3.3 TYPES OF USER INTERFACES Currently (as of 2009) the following types of user interface are the most common: i. Graphical user interfaces (GUI) accept input via devices such as computer keyboard and mouse and provide articulated graphical output on the computer monitor. There are at least two different principles widely used in GUI design: Object-oriented user interfaces (OOUIs) and application oriented interfaces. ii. Web-based user interfaces or web user interfaces (WUI) accept input and provide output by generating web pages which are transmitted via the Internet and viewed by the user using a web browser program. Newer implementations utilize Java, AJAX, Adobe Flex, Microsoft .NET, or similar technologies to provide real-time control in a separate program, eliminating the need to refresh a traditional HTML based web browser. Administrative web interfaces for web-servers, servers and networked computers are often called Control panels. User interfaces that are common in various fields outside desktop computing: iii. Command line interfaces, where the user provides the input by typing a command string with the computer keyboard and the system provides output by printing text on the computer monitor. Used for system administration tasks etc. iv. Tactile interfaces supplement or replace other forms of output with haptic feedback methods. This is also used in computerized simulators etc. v. Touch user interface are graphical user interfaces using a touchscreen display as a combined input and output device. Used in many types of point of sale, industrial processes and machines, self-service machines etc. Other types of user interfaces: vi. Attentive user interfaces manage the user attention deciding when to interrupt the user, the kind of warnings, and the level of detail of the messages presented to the user. vii. Batch interfaces are non-interactive user interfaces, where the user specifies all the details of the batch job in advance to batch processing, and receives the output when all the processing is done. The computer does not prompt for further input after the processing has started. viii. Conversational Interface Agents attempt to personify the computer interface in the form of an animated person, robot, or other character (such as Microsoft's Clippy the paperclip), and present interactions in a conversational form. ix. Crossing-based interfaces are graphical user interfaces in which the primary task consists in crossing boundaries instead of pointing. 20
x. Gesture interface are graphical user interfaces which accept input in a form of hand gestures, or mouse gestures sketched with a computer mouse or a stylus. xi. Intelligent user interfaces are human-machine interfaces that aim to improve the efficiency, effectiveness, and naturalness of human-machine interaction by representing, reasoning, and acting on models of the user, domain, task, discourse, and media (e.g., graphics, natural language, gesture). xii. Motion tracking interfaces monitor the user's body motions and translate them into commands, currently being developed by Apple. xiii. Multi-screen interfaces, employ multiple displays to provide a more flexible interaction. This is often employed in computer game interaction in both the commercial arcades and more recently the handheld markets. xiv. Non-command user interfaces, which observe the user to infer his/her needs and intentions, without requiring that he/she formulate explicit commands. xv. Object-oriented user interface (OOUI) :- The following are examples of OOUI:- Reflexive user interfaces where the users control and redefine the entire system via the user interface alone, for instance to change its command verbs. Typically this is only possible with very rich graphic user interfaces. Tangible user interfaces, which place a greater emphasis on touch and physical environment or its element. Text user interfaces are user interfaces which output text, but accept other form of input in addition to or in place of typed command strings. Voice user interfaces, which accept input and provide output by generating voice prompts. The user input is made by pressing keys or buttons, or responding verbally to the interface. Natural-Language interfaces - Used for search engines and on webpages. User types in a question and waits for a response. Zero-Input interfaces get inputs from a set of sensors instead of querying the user with input dialogs. Zooming user interfaces are graphical user interfaces in which information objects are represented at different levels of scale and detail, and where the user can change the scale of the viewed area in order to show more detail 3.4 HISTORY OF USER INTERFACES The history of user interfaces can be divided into the following phases according to the dominant type of user interface: Batch interface, 1945-1968 Command-line user interface, 1969 to present Graphical user interface, 1981 to present 21
Page 1: ] NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGER
Page 4 and 5: National Open University of Nigeria
Page 6 and 7: Summary ...........................
Page 8 and 9: UNIT 3 - GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (
Page 10 and 11: Assignments File Tutor-Marked Assig
Page 12 and 13: 2 DESIGN and DESIGNING GOOD USER IN
Page 14 and 15: need both the study unit you are wo
Page 16 and 17: CIT 711: USER INTERFACE DESIGN AND
Page 18 and 19: UNIT 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF USER INTERFA
Page 22 and 23: 3.5 USER INTERFACE MODALITIES AND M
Page 24 and 25: Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction
Page 26 and 27: 3.1.1 DESIGNING A GOOD USER INTERFA
Page 28 and 29: widgets properly is to read and und
Page 30 and 31: Figure 1:- Showing that alignment o
Page 32 and 33: 6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT a. How
Page 34 and 35: A graphical user interface is a typ
Page 36 and 37: Operating System. It is easy for a
Page 38 and 39: A list of items from which to selec
Page 40 and 41: collaborative work. For example, sc
Page 42 and 43: MODULE 1 UNIT 4 HUMAN COMPUTER INTE
Page 44 and 45: 3.3 DIFFERNCES WITH RELATED FIELDS
Page 46 and 47: window blinds to automobile braking
Page 48 and 49: Wickens, Christopher D., John D. Le
Page 50 and 51: The International Ergonomics Associ
Page 52 and 53: approach, the Gilbreths reduced the
Page 54 and 55: 3.6 BENEFITS OF ERGONOMICS The thre
Page 56 and 57: Another key to reducing lumbar disc
Page 58 and 59: MODULE 2 - USER INTERFACE DESIGN TE
Page 60 and 61: methods include inspection methods,
Page 62 and 63: Determine time of each operation (b
Page 64 and 65: unable to understand new informatio
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MODULE 2 UNIT 2 UNDERSTANDING USERS
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The users of a system must be ident
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This example brings up an important
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whether you want to have a palette
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Task analysis which includes identi
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MODULE 2 UNIT 3 USER CENTERED DESIG
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or small body text is also hard to
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Introduction to User-centered desig
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organizations themselves. Interacti
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After thorough analysis using vario
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Interaction design which is the dis
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In human-computer interaction and c
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The preferred method for ensuring u
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3.4 ISO STANDARDS FOR USABILITY ISO
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In this unit, you have been introdu
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affect the way the command is execu
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• Guides the user via the predefi
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The term direct manipulation was in
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There are two important reasons for
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UNIT 1 PROTOTYPING Table of Content
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Figure 12: The iterative steps of p
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select print Figure 13: An interfac
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Ambler, S.W. & Constantine, L.L. (2
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3.2 LOW-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES Low-fid
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Figure 14:- Example of Sketching II
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Much more important for features th
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DENIM, an extension of SILK, is a t
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• Encourage menu & forms style, r
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Another problem is that native widg
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interfaces, so that a realistic sim
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UNIT 3 INPUT AND OUTPUT MODELS Tabl
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Recall that perceptual fusion means
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3.2 OUTPUT MODEL There are basicall
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directly-mapped pixel image will no
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Most stroke models also include som
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UNIT 4 MODEL VIEW-CONTROLLER (MVC)
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3.3.2 AS A DESIGN PATTERN MVC enco
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The Views are XForms controls for s
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UNIT 5 LAYOUTS AND CONSTRAINTS Tabl
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3.5 CONSTRAINTS Constraints are rel
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MODULE 4 UNIT 1 TECHNIQUES FOR EVAL
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a. Card Sorting Card sorting is a w
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Rapid prototyping is a method used
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3.2.1 THE USE OF PROTOTYPES It is o
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Dumas, J.S. and Redish, J.C. (1999)
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the users' respect for you as a pro
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the users will be and what kind of
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speed whenever the average load was
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Table 4:- Table: Average times for
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phases: list the actions, and then
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Nielsen and Molich used their own e
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7.0 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
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users. If you do not, you can be ba
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If you are led to develop more and
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It's very easy to shape the comment
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a. Analyzing the Bottom-Line Number
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you use. But then you need some way
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ecruit test users with more similar
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MODULE 4 UNIT 4 OTHER EVALUATION IS
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3.2 CURRENT ISSUES CONCERNING EVALU
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2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end this unit
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It provides a real focal point for
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3.3.4 CONDUCTING THE TEST Having co
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The stages involved in usability te
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