User Interface Design and Ergonomics - National Open University of ...

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methods include inspection methods, inquiry methods, prototyping methods, and testing methods. The human Processor Model is shown in figure 3. Figure 3:- Human Processor Model Input from the eyes and ears are first stored in the short-term sensory store. As a computer hardware analogy, this memory is like a frame buffer, storing a single frame of perception. The perceptual processor takes the stored sensory input and attempts to recognize symbols in it: letters, words, phonemes, icons. It is aided in this recognition by the longterm memory, which stores the symbols you know how to recognize. The cognitive processor takes the symbols recognized by the perceptual processor and makes comparisons and decisions. It might also store and fetch symbols in working 60
memory (which you might think of as RAM, although it’s pretty small). The cognitive processor does most of the work that we think of as “thinking”. The motor processor receives an action from the cognitive processor and instructs the muscles to execute it. There’s an implicit feedback loop here: the effect of the action (either on the position of your body or on the state of the world) can be observed by your senses, and used to correct the motion in a continuous process. The visual image store is basically an image frame from the eyes. It isn’t encoded as pixels, but as physical features of the image, such as curvature, length, edges. It retains physical features like intensity that may be discarded in higher-level memories (like the working memory). We measure its size in letters because psych studies have used letters as a convenient stimulus for measuring the properties of the VIS; this doesn’t mean that letters are represented symbolically in the VIS. The VIS memory is fleeting, decaying in a few hundred milliseconds. The auditory image store is a buffer for physical sound. Its size is much smaller than the VIS (in terms of letters), but lasts longer – seconds, rather than tenths of a second. Both of these stores are preattentional; that is, they don’t need the spotlight of attention to focus on them in order to be collected and stored. Attention can be focused on the visual or auditory stimulus after the fact. That accounts for phenomena like “What did you say? Oh yeah.” Finally, there is a component corresponding to your attention, which might be thought of like a thread of control in a computer system. Note that this model isn’t meant to reflect the anatomy of your nervous system. There probably isn’t a single area in your brain corresponding to the perceptual processor, for example. But it’s a useful abstraction nevertheless. It has been shown that the human processor model uses the cognitive, perceptual, and motor processors along with the visual image, working memory, and long term memory storages. Figure 1 shows the representation of the model. Each processor has a cycle time and each memory has a decay time. These values are also included in table 1. By following the connections in figure 1, along with the associated cycle or decay times, the time it takes a user to perform a certain task can be calculated. The calculations depend on the ability to break down every step of a task into the basic process level. The more detailed the analysis, the more accurate the model will be to predict human performance. The method for determining processes can be broken down into the following steps. Write out main steps based on: a working prototype, simulation, step by step walk-through of all steps Clearly identify the specific task and method to accomplish that task For each final step identify sub-levels down to a basic process (in the diagram or chart below) Convert into pseudo code (writing out methods for each step) List all assumptions (will be helpful as multiple iterations are completed) 61
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] NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGER
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National Open University of Nigeria
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Summary ...........................
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UNIT 3 - GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (
Page 10 and 11: Assignments File Tutor-Marked Assig
Page 12 and 13: 2 DESIGN and DESIGNING GOOD USER IN
Page 14 and 15: need both the study unit you are wo
Page 16 and 17: CIT 711: USER INTERFACE DESIGN AND
Page 18 and 19: UNIT 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF USER INTERFA
Page 20 and 21: 3.3 TYPES OF USER INTERFACES Curren
Page 22 and 23: 3.5 USER INTERFACE MODALITIES AND M
Page 24 and 25: Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction
Page 26 and 27: 3.1.1 DESIGNING A GOOD USER INTERFA
Page 28 and 29: widgets properly is to read and und
Page 30 and 31: Figure 1:- Showing that alignment o
Page 32 and 33: 6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT a. How
Page 34 and 35: A graphical user interface is a typ
Page 36 and 37: Operating System. It is easy for a
Page 38 and 39: A list of items from which to selec
Page 40 and 41: collaborative work. For example, sc
Page 42 and 43: MODULE 1 UNIT 4 HUMAN COMPUTER INTE
Page 44 and 45: 3.3 DIFFERNCES WITH RELATED FIELDS
Page 46 and 47: window blinds to automobile braking
Page 48 and 49: Wickens, Christopher D., John D. Le
Page 50 and 51: The International Ergonomics Associ
Page 52 and 53: approach, the Gilbreths reduced the
Page 54 and 55: 3.6 BENEFITS OF ERGONOMICS The thre
Page 56 and 57: Another key to reducing lumbar disc
Page 58 and 59: MODULE 2 - USER INTERFACE DESIGN TE
Page 62 and 63: Determine time of each operation (b
Page 64 and 65: unable to understand new informatio
Page 66 and 67: M cones, or, misleadingly, green co
Page 68 and 69: Motor skill which is a learned seri
Page 70 and 71: MODULE 2 UNIT 2 UNDERSTANDING USERS
Page 72 and 73: The users of a system must be ident
Page 74 and 75: This example brings up an important
Page 76 and 77: whether you want to have a palette
Page 78 and 79: Task analysis which includes identi
Page 80 and 81: MODULE 2 UNIT 3 USER CENTERED DESIG
Page 82 and 83: or small body text is also hard to
Page 84 and 85: Introduction to User-centered desig
Page 86 and 87: organizations themselves. Interacti
Page 88 and 89: After thorough analysis using vario
Page 90 and 91: Interaction design which is the dis
Page 92 and 93: In human-computer interaction and c
Page 94 and 95: The preferred method for ensuring u
Page 96 and 97: 3.4 ISO STANDARDS FOR USABILITY ISO
Page 98 and 99: In this unit, you have been introdu
Page 100 and 101: affect the way the command is execu
Page 102 and 103: • Guides the user via the predefi
Page 104 and 105: The term direct manipulation was in
Page 106 and 107: There are two important reasons for
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UNIT 1 PROTOTYPING Table of Content
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Figure 12: The iterative steps of p
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select print Figure 13: An interfac
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Ambler, S.W. & Constantine, L.L. (2
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3.2 LOW-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES Low-fid
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Figure 14:- Example of Sketching II
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Much more important for features th
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DENIM, an extension of SILK, is a t
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• Encourage menu & forms style, r
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Another problem is that native widg
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interfaces, so that a realistic sim
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UNIT 3 INPUT AND OUTPUT MODELS Tabl
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Recall that perceptual fusion means
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3.2 OUTPUT MODEL There are basicall
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directly-mapped pixel image will no
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Most stroke models also include som
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UNIT 4 MODEL VIEW-CONTROLLER (MVC)
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3.3.2 AS A DESIGN PATTERN MVC enco
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The Views are XForms controls for s
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UNIT 5 LAYOUTS AND CONSTRAINTS Tabl
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3.5 CONSTRAINTS Constraints are rel
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MODULE 4 UNIT 1 TECHNIQUES FOR EVAL
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a. Card Sorting Card sorting is a w
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Rapid prototyping is a method used
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3.2.1 THE USE OF PROTOTYPES It is o
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Dumas, J.S. and Redish, J.C. (1999)
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the users' respect for you as a pro
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the users will be and what kind of
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speed whenever the average load was
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Table 4:- Table: Average times for
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phases: list the actions, and then
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Nielsen and Molich used their own e
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7.0 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
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users. If you do not, you can be ba
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If you are led to develop more and
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It's very easy to shape the comment
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a. Analyzing the Bottom-Line Number
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you use. But then you need some way
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ecruit test users with more similar
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MODULE 4 UNIT 4 OTHER EVALUATION IS
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3.2 CURRENT ISSUES CONCERNING EVALU
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2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end this unit
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It provides a real focal point for
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3.3.4 CONDUCTING THE TEST Having co
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The stages involved in usability te
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