User Interface Design and Ergonomics - National Open University of ...

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3.5 CONSTRAINTS Constraints are relationships expressed by the programmer and automatically maintained by the UI toolkit. 3.5.1 USES a. Layout:- Constraints are used in Layout to express the relationships between interface items. For example, field.left = label.right + 10 b. Value propagation:- They are used for an action to be invoked when a value is entered or reached. An example is deleteAction.enabled = (selection != null) c. Synchronization of views to models:- Constraints are used to expressed the relationships between models. d. Interaction:- They are also used to express interaction such as rect.corner = mouse 3.6 TYPES OF CONSTRAINTS a. One-Way Constraints Also called formulas, after spreadsheet Y= f(x1,x2,x3, …) Y depends on (points to ) x1,x2,x3, … Algorithms Data-driven Reevaluate formulas when a value is changed Demand-driven Reevaluate formulas whenever a value is requested Lazy When dependent value changes, invalidate all values that depend on it. When invalid value is requested, recalculate it b. Variants Multi-output formulas (y1,y2, …) = f(x1,x2,x3, …) Cyclic dependencies Detect cycles and break them 150
Constraint hierarchies Some constraints stronger than others Side effects If f has side effects, when do they happen? Lazy evaluation makes side effects unpredictable Amulet: eager evaluation 4.0 CONCLUSION Detailed description of Layouts and constraints were discussedt. Layout managers and hints for layouts were also described. 5.0 SUMMARY • Layout is determining the positions and sizes of graphical objects. This can be done manually or automatically. • Layout Managers are software tools for specifying and designing the appropriate layout for a job. • Layout managers include packing, gridding and general kinds. • Hints for layout include using packing layouts when alignments are 1D and reserving gridding layouts for 2D alignment. • Constraints are relationships expressed by the programmer and automatically maintained by the UI toolkit. • Constraints are of two types: One-Way Constraints and variants. 6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT Explain Layouts and constraints. Describe any two layout manager. 7.0 FURTHER READING AND OTHER RESOURCES Ambler, S.W. & Constantine, L.L. (2000a). The Unified Process Inception Phase. Gilroy, CA: CMP Books. http://www.ambysoft.com/inceptionPhase.html. Ambler, S.W. & Constantine, L.L. (2000b). The Unified Process Elaboration Phase. Gilroy, CA: CMP Ambler, S.W. & Constantine, L.L. (2000c). The Unified Process Construction Phase. Gilroy, CA: CMP Ambler, S.W. (2001). The Object Primer 2 nd Edition: The Application Developer’s Guide to Object Orientation. New York: Cambridge University Press. 151
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] NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGER
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National Open University of Nigeria
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Summary ...........................
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UNIT 3 - GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (
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Assignments File Tutor-Marked Assig
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2 DESIGN and DESIGNING GOOD USER IN
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need both the study unit you are wo
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CIT 711: USER INTERFACE DESIGN AND
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UNIT 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF USER INTERFA
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3.3 TYPES OF USER INTERFACES Curren
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3.5 USER INTERFACE MODALITIES AND M
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Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction
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3.1.1 DESIGNING A GOOD USER INTERFA
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widgets properly is to read and und
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Figure 1:- Showing that alignment o
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6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT a. How
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A graphical user interface is a typ
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Operating System. It is easy for a
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A list of items from which to selec
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collaborative work. For example, sc
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MODULE 1 UNIT 4 HUMAN COMPUTER INTE
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3.3 DIFFERNCES WITH RELATED FIELDS
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window blinds to automobile braking
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Wickens, Christopher D., John D. Le
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The International Ergonomics Associ
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approach, the Gilbreths reduced the
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3.6 BENEFITS OF ERGONOMICS The thre
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Another key to reducing lumbar disc
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MODULE 2 - USER INTERFACE DESIGN TE
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methods include inspection methods,
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Determine time of each operation (b
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unable to understand new informatio
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M cones, or, misleadingly, green co
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Motor skill which is a learned seri
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MODULE 2 UNIT 2 UNDERSTANDING USERS
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The users of a system must be ident
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This example brings up an important
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whether you want to have a palette
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Task analysis which includes identi
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MODULE 2 UNIT 3 USER CENTERED DESIG
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or small body text is also hard to
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Introduction to User-centered desig
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organizations themselves. Interacti
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After thorough analysis using vario
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Interaction design which is the dis
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In human-computer interaction and c
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The preferred method for ensuring u
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3.4 ISO STANDARDS FOR USABILITY ISO
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In this unit, you have been introdu
Page 100 and 101: affect the way the command is execu
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Page 104 and 105: The term direct manipulation was in
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Page 110 and 111: UNIT 1 PROTOTYPING Table of Content
Page 112 and 113: Figure 12: The iterative steps of p
Page 114 and 115: select print Figure 13: An interfac
Page 116 and 117: Ambler, S.W. & Constantine, L.L. (2
Page 118 and 119: 3.2 LOW-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES Low-fid
Page 120 and 121: Figure 14:- Example of Sketching II
Page 122 and 123: Much more important for features th
Page 124 and 125: DENIM, an extension of SILK, is a t
Page 126 and 127: • Encourage menu & forms style, r
Page 128 and 129: Another problem is that native widg
Page 130 and 131: interfaces, so that a realistic sim
Page 132 and 133: UNIT 3 INPUT AND OUTPUT MODELS Tabl
Page 134 and 135: Recall that perceptual fusion means
Page 136 and 137: 3.2 OUTPUT MODEL There are basicall
Page 138 and 139: directly-mapped pixel image will no
Page 140 and 141: Most stroke models also include som
Page 142 and 143: UNIT 4 MODEL VIEW-CONTROLLER (MVC)
Page 144 and 145: 3.3.2 AS A DESIGN PATTERN MVC enco
Page 146 and 147: The Views are XForms controls for s
Page 148 and 149: UNIT 5 LAYOUTS AND CONSTRAINTS Tabl
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Page 154 and 155: MODULE 4 UNIT 1 TECHNIQUES FOR EVAL
Page 156 and 157: a. Card Sorting Card sorting is a w
Page 158 and 159: Rapid prototyping is a method used
Page 160 and 161: 3.2.1 THE USE OF PROTOTYPES It is o
Page 162 and 163: Dumas, J.S. and Redish, J.C. (1999)
Page 164 and 165: the users' respect for you as a pro
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Page 168 and 169: speed whenever the average load was
Page 170 and 171: Table 4:- Table: Average times for
Page 172 and 173: phases: list the actions, and then
Page 174 and 175: Nielsen and Molich used their own e
Page 176 and 177: 7.0 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
Page 178 and 179: users. If you do not, you can be ba
Page 180 and 181: If you are led to develop more and
Page 182 and 183: It's very easy to shape the comment
Page 184 and 185: a. Analyzing the Bottom-Line Number
Page 186 and 187: you use. But then you need some way
Page 188 and 189: ecruit test users with more similar
Page 190 and 191: MODULE 4 UNIT 4 OTHER EVALUATION IS
Page 192 and 193: 3.2 CURRENT ISSUES CONCERNING EVALU
Page 194 and 195: 2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end this unit
Page 196 and 197: It provides a real focal point for
Page 198 and 199: 3.3.4 CONDUCTING THE TEST Having co
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The stages involved in usability te
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