User Interface Design and Ergonomics - National Open University of ...

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M cones, or, misleadingly, green cones) is most sensitive to light perceived as green, with wavelengths around 534 nm. 3.4.1 Facts about colour Colour can be a powerful tool to improve user interfaces, but inappropriate use can severely reduce human performance Colour can be very helpful in gaining the attention of users In designing user interfaces, pay attention to how to combine colours and human perception Consider people with colour deficiency in your colour combination. The colour limitations such as color blindness, near/far sighted and focusing speed should be considered. As we age, sensitivity to blue is even more reduced and perceive a lower level of brightness. The implication is that you do not rely on blue for text or small objects. Red objects appear closer than blue objects 3.5 ATTENTION Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. Examples include listening carefully to what someone is saying while ignoring other conversations in a room (the cocktail party effect) or listening to a cell phone conversation while driving a car. Attention is one of the most intensely studied topics within psychology and cognitive neuroscience. It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and vivid form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or trains of thought. Focalization, concentration, and consciousness are of its attributes. It implies withdrawal from some things in order to deal effectively with others, and is a condition which has a real opposite in the confused, dazed, scatterbrained state. Our ability to divide our attention among multiple tasks appears to depend on two things. First is the structure of the tasks that are trying to share our attention. Tasks with different characteristics are easier to share; tasks with similar characteristics tend to interfere. Important dimensions for task interference seem to be the modality of the task’s input (visual or auditory), its encoding (e.g., spatial/graphical/sound encoding, vs. words), and the mental components required to perform it. For example, reading two things at the same time is much harder than reading and listening, because reading and listening use two different modalities. The second key influence on multitasking performance is the difficulty of the task. Carrying on a conversation while driving a car is fairly effortless as long as the road is familiar and free of obstacles; when the driver must deal with traffic or navigation, conversation tends to slow down or even stop. 66
A good user interface should be able to drive the attention of users. The colour combinations, ease of use, performance, etc are some attributes that drive users’ full attention. The inability to pay attention often leads to boredom and hence, lowproductivity. 3.6 ERRORS The word error has different meanings and usages relative to how it is conceptually applied. The concrete meaning of the Latin word error is "wandering" or "straying". To the contrary of an illusion, an error or a mistake can sometimes be dispelled through knowledge (knowing that one is looking at a mirage and not at real water doesn't make the mirage disappear). However, some errors can occur even when individuals have the required knowledge to perform a task correctly. An ‘error' is a deviation from accuracy or correctness. A ‘mistake' is an error caused by a fault: the fault being misjudgment, carelessness, or forgetfulness. For example, if a user unintentionally clicks a wrong button, that is a mistake. This might take several minutes to correct. User interfaces should be designed in order to prevent intentional and unintentional errors from users. Users should be well guided so that their job could be performed efficiently. 4.0 CONCLUSION This unit has introduced you to the Human processor model. The perception concept along with motor skills, colour and attention in Human processor model was also introduced. Error concept in Human processor model was also discussed. 5.0 SUMMARY What you have learnt in this unit concerns The Human processor model which is a cognitive modeling method used to calculate how long it takes to perform a certain task. The various uses of the model were also discussed. Perception which is the process of attaining awareness or understanding of sensory information. Passive and visual perception were also discussed. 67
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] NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGER
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National Open University of Nigeria
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Summary ...........................
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UNIT 3 - GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (
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Assignments File Tutor-Marked Assig
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2 DESIGN and DESIGNING GOOD USER IN
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need both the study unit you are wo
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Page 20 and 21: 3.3 TYPES OF USER INTERFACES Curren
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Page 24 and 25: Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction
Page 26 and 27: 3.1.1 DESIGNING A GOOD USER INTERFA
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Page 30 and 31: Figure 1:- Showing that alignment o
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Page 42 and 43: MODULE 1 UNIT 4 HUMAN COMPUTER INTE
Page 44 and 45: 3.3 DIFFERNCES WITH RELATED FIELDS
Page 46 and 47: window blinds to automobile braking
Page 48 and 49: Wickens, Christopher D., John D. Le
Page 50 and 51: The International Ergonomics Associ
Page 52 and 53: approach, the Gilbreths reduced the
Page 54 and 55: 3.6 BENEFITS OF ERGONOMICS The thre
Page 56 and 57: Another key to reducing lumbar disc
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Page 60 and 61: methods include inspection methods,
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Page 68 and 69: Motor skill which is a learned seri
Page 70 and 71: MODULE 2 UNIT 2 UNDERSTANDING USERS
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Page 80 and 81: MODULE 2 UNIT 3 USER CENTERED DESIG
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Page 84 and 85: Introduction to User-centered desig
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Page 96 and 97: 3.4 ISO STANDARDS FOR USABILITY ISO
Page 98 and 99: In this unit, you have been introdu
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Page 110 and 111: UNIT 1 PROTOTYPING Table of Content
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Ambler, S.W. & Constantine, L.L. (2
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3.2 LOW-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES Low-fid
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Figure 14:- Example of Sketching II
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Much more important for features th
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DENIM, an extension of SILK, is a t
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• Encourage menu & forms style, r
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Another problem is that native widg
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interfaces, so that a realistic sim
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UNIT 3 INPUT AND OUTPUT MODELS Tabl
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Recall that perceptual fusion means
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3.2 OUTPUT MODEL There are basicall
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directly-mapped pixel image will no
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Most stroke models also include som
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UNIT 4 MODEL VIEW-CONTROLLER (MVC)
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3.3.2 AS A DESIGN PATTERN MVC enco
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The Views are XForms controls for s
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UNIT 5 LAYOUTS AND CONSTRAINTS Tabl
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3.5 CONSTRAINTS Constraints are rel
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MODULE 4 UNIT 1 TECHNIQUES FOR EVAL
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a. Card Sorting Card sorting is a w
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Rapid prototyping is a method used
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3.2.1 THE USE OF PROTOTYPES It is o
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Dumas, J.S. and Redish, J.C. (1999)
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the users' respect for you as a pro
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the users will be and what kind of
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speed whenever the average load was
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Table 4:- Table: Average times for
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phases: list the actions, and then
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Nielsen and Molich used their own e
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7.0 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
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users. If you do not, you can be ba
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If you are led to develop more and
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It's very easy to shape the comment
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a. Analyzing the Bottom-Line Number
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you use. But then you need some way
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ecruit test users with more similar
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MODULE 4 UNIT 4 OTHER EVALUATION IS
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3.2 CURRENT ISSUES CONCERNING EVALU
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2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end this unit
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It provides a real focal point for
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3.3.4 CONDUCTING THE TEST Having co
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The stages involved in usability te
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