User Interface Design and Ergonomics - National Open University of ...

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Figure 12: The iterative steps of prototyping 3.3 PROTOTYPING TIPS AND TECHNIQUES I have covered the fundamentals of the prototyping process, so now I want to share with you several tips and techniques that you can use to create truly world-class prototypes. a. Look for real-world objects. Good UIs allow users to work with the real-world objects they are used to. Therefore you should start by looking for these kinds of objects and identify how people interact with them. b. Work with the real users. The best people to get involved in prototyping are the ones who will actually use the application when it’s done. These are the people who have the most to gain from a successful implementation, and these are the ones who know their own needs best. c. Set a schedule and stick to it. By putting a schedule in place for when you will get together with your users to evaluate the prototype, you set their expectations and you force yourself to actually get the work done. A win-win situation. d. Use a prototyping tool. Invest the money in a prototyping tool that allows you to put screens together quickly. Because you probably won’t want to keep the prototype code that you write, code that’s written quickly is rarely worth keeping, you shouldn’t be too concerned if your prototyping tool generates a different type of code than what you intend to develop in. 112
e. Get the users to work with the prototype. Just like you want to take a car for a test drive before you buy it your users should be able to take an application for a test drive before it is developed. Furthermore, by working with the prototype hands-on they will quickly be able to determine whether or not the system will meet their needs. A good approach is to ask them to work through some use-case scenarios using the prototype as if it is the real system. f. Understand the underlying business. You need to understand the underlying business before you can develop a prototype that will support it. Perform interviews with key users, read internal documentation of how the business runs, and read documentation about how some of your competitors operate. The more you know about the business the more likely it is that you’ll be able to build a prototype that supports it. g. There are different levels of prototype. I like to successively develop three different types of prototypes of a system: A hand-drawn prototype that shows its basic/rough functionality, an electronic prototype that shows the screens but not the data that will be displayed on them, and then finally the screens with data. By starting out simple in the beginning I avoid investing a lot of time in work that will most likely be thrown away. By successively increasing the complexity of the prototype as it gets closer to the final solution, my users get a better and better idea of how the application will actually work, providing the opportunity to provide greater and greater insight into improving it. h. Do not spend a lot of time making the code good. At the beginning of the prototyping process you will throw away a lot of your work as you learn more about the business. Therefore it doesn’t make sense to invest a lot of effort in code that you probably aren’t going to keep anyway. 3.4 INTERFACDE-FLOW DIAGRAMS To your users, the user interface is the system. In Figure 3, we see an example of an interface-flow diagram for an order-entry system. The boxes represent user interface objects (screens, reports, or forms) and the arrows represent the possible flow between screens. For example, when you are on the main menu screen you can go to either the customer search screen or to the order-entry screen. Once you are on the order-entry screen you can go to the product search screen or to the customer order list. Interfaceflow diagrams allow you to easily gain a high-level overview of the interface for your application. 113
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] NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGER
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National Open University of Nigeria
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Summary ...........................
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UNIT 3 - GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (
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Assignments File Tutor-Marked Assig
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2 DESIGN and DESIGNING GOOD USER IN
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need both the study unit you are wo
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CIT 711: USER INTERFACE DESIGN AND
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UNIT 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF USER INTERFA
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3.3 TYPES OF USER INTERFACES Curren
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3.5 USER INTERFACE MODALITIES AND M
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Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction
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3.1.1 DESIGNING A GOOD USER INTERFA
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widgets properly is to read and und
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Figure 1:- Showing that alignment o
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6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT a. How
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A graphical user interface is a typ
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Operating System. It is easy for a
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A list of items from which to selec
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collaborative work. For example, sc
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MODULE 1 UNIT 4 HUMAN COMPUTER INTE
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3.3 DIFFERNCES WITH RELATED FIELDS
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window blinds to automobile braking
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Wickens, Christopher D., John D. Le
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The International Ergonomics Associ
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approach, the Gilbreths reduced the
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3.6 BENEFITS OF ERGONOMICS The thre
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Another key to reducing lumbar disc
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MODULE 2 - USER INTERFACE DESIGN TE
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methods include inspection methods,
Page 62 and 63: Determine time of each operation (b
Page 64 and 65: unable to understand new informatio
Page 66 and 67: M cones, or, misleadingly, green co
Page 68 and 69: Motor skill which is a learned seri
Page 70 and 71: MODULE 2 UNIT 2 UNDERSTANDING USERS
Page 72 and 73: The users of a system must be ident
Page 74 and 75: This example brings up an important
Page 76 and 77: whether you want to have a palette
Page 78 and 79: Task analysis which includes identi
Page 80 and 81: MODULE 2 UNIT 3 USER CENTERED DESIG
Page 82 and 83: or small body text is also hard to
Page 84 and 85: Introduction to User-centered desig
Page 86 and 87: organizations themselves. Interacti
Page 88 and 89: After thorough analysis using vario
Page 90 and 91: Interaction design which is the dis
Page 92 and 93: In human-computer interaction and c
Page 94 and 95: The preferred method for ensuring u
Page 96 and 97: 3.4 ISO STANDARDS FOR USABILITY ISO
Page 98 and 99: In this unit, you have been introdu
Page 100 and 101: affect the way the command is execu
Page 102 and 103: • Guides the user via the predefi
Page 104 and 105: The term direct manipulation was in
Page 106 and 107: There are two important reasons for
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Page 110 and 111: UNIT 1 PROTOTYPING Table of Content
Page 114 and 115: select print Figure 13: An interfac
Page 116 and 117: Ambler, S.W. & Constantine, L.L. (2
Page 118 and 119: 3.2 LOW-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES Low-fid
Page 120 and 121: Figure 14:- Example of Sketching II
Page 122 and 123: Much more important for features th
Page 124 and 125: DENIM, an extension of SILK, is a t
Page 126 and 127: • Encourage menu & forms style, r
Page 128 and 129: Another problem is that native widg
Page 130 and 131: interfaces, so that a realistic sim
Page 132 and 133: UNIT 3 INPUT AND OUTPUT MODELS Tabl
Page 134 and 135: Recall that perceptual fusion means
Page 136 and 137: 3.2 OUTPUT MODEL There are basicall
Page 138 and 139: directly-mapped pixel image will no
Page 140 and 141: Most stroke models also include som
Page 142 and 143: UNIT 4 MODEL VIEW-CONTROLLER (MVC)
Page 144 and 145: 3.3.2 AS A DESIGN PATTERN MVC enco
Page 146 and 147: The Views are XForms controls for s
Page 148 and 149: UNIT 5 LAYOUTS AND CONSTRAINTS Tabl
Page 150 and 151: 3.5 CONSTRAINTS Constraints are rel
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Page 154 and 155: MODULE 4 UNIT 1 TECHNIQUES FOR EVAL
Page 156 and 157: a. Card Sorting Card sorting is a w
Page 158 and 159: Rapid prototyping is a method used
Page 160 and 161: 3.2.1 THE USE OF PROTOTYPES It is o
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Dumas, J.S. and Redish, J.C. (1999)
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the users' respect for you as a pro
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the users will be and what kind of
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speed whenever the average load was
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Table 4:- Table: Average times for
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phases: list the actions, and then
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Nielsen and Molich used their own e
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7.0 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
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users. If you do not, you can be ba
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If you are led to develop more and
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It's very easy to shape the comment
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a. Analyzing the Bottom-Line Number
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you use. But then you need some way
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ecruit test users with more similar
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MODULE 4 UNIT 4 OTHER EVALUATION IS
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3.2 CURRENT ISSUES CONCERNING EVALU
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2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end this unit
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It provides a real focal point for
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3.3.4 CONDUCTING THE TEST Having co
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The stages involved in usability te
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