User Interface Design and Ergonomics - National Open University of ...

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UNIT 1 PROTOTYPING Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Prototyping 3.2 User Interface Prototyping Process 3.3 Prototyping Tips and Techniques 3.4 Interface-Flow Diagram 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment 7.0 Further Reading and Other Resources 1.0 INTRODUCTION This unit will give you a general understanding of prototyping. User interface prototyping will be discussed in details as well as the various tips and techniques of prototyping. 2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end this unit, you should be able to: Explain Prototyping in detail. Describe the User interface Prototyping Process. Highlight various tips and techniques in Prototyping. Describe Interface-Flow Diagram. 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 PROTOTYPING A prototype is a concrete, but partial implementation of a system design. Prototypes are used extensively in design and construction work; to demonstrate a concept (e.g. a prototype car), in early design, later design and as specification. It may be made of paper and cardboard or it may use a sophisticated software package. Prototyping involves creating mock-ups representing the user interface of the final design. Prototypes serve as a common language with users, software engineers, and other stakeholders, offering a way for designers to explore design ideas and elicit feedback from users prior to committing to designs. Since prototyping helps flesh out requirements, prototypes may be used as a specification for developers. Prototyping is important in arriving at a well-designed user interface, and from many users’ perspective the user interface is the software. Prototyping is very important for ensuring the most usable, accurate, and attractive design is found for the final product. 110
3.2 USER INTERFACE PROTOTYPING PROCESS Prototyping is an iterative analysis technique in which users are actively involved in the mocking-up of screens and reports. The four major stages of prototyping are:- a. Determine the needs of your users . The requirements of your users drive the development of your prototype as they define the business objects that your system must support. You can gather these requirements in interviews, in CRC (class responsibility collaborator) modeling sessions, in use-case modeling sessions, and in class diagramming sessions (Ambler 2001; Ambler, 1998a; Ambler, 1998b). b. Build the prototype. Using a prototyping tool or high-level language you develop the screens and reports needed by your users. The best advice during this stage of the process is to not invest a lot of time in making the code “good” because chances are high that you may just scrap your coding efforts anyway after evaluating the prototype. c. Evaluate the prototype. After a version of the prototype is built it needs to be evaluated. The main goal is that you need to verify that the prototype meets the needs of your users. I’ve always found that you need to address three basic issues during evaluation: What’s good about the prototype, what’s bad about the prototype, and what’s missing from the prototype. After evaluating the prototype you’ll find that you’ll need to scrap parts, modify parts, and even add brand-new parts. d. Determine if you’re finished yet. You want to stop the prototyping process when you find the evaluation process is no longer generating any new requirements, or is generating a small number of not-so-important requirements. 111
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] NATIONAL OPEN UNIVERSITY OF NIGER
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National Open University of Nigeria
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Summary ...........................
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UNIT 3 - GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (
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Assignments File Tutor-Marked Assig
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2 DESIGN and DESIGNING GOOD USER IN
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need both the study unit you are wo
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CIT 711: USER INTERFACE DESIGN AND
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UNIT 1 FUNDAMENTALS OF USER INTERFA
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3.3 TYPES OF USER INTERFACES Curren
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3.5 USER INTERFACE MODALITIES AND M
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Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction
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3.1.1 DESIGNING A GOOD USER INTERFA
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widgets properly is to read and und
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Figure 1:- Showing that alignment o
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6.0 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT a. How
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A graphical user interface is a typ
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Operating System. It is easy for a
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A list of items from which to selec
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collaborative work. For example, sc
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MODULE 1 UNIT 4 HUMAN COMPUTER INTE
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3.3 DIFFERNCES WITH RELATED FIELDS
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window blinds to automobile braking
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Wickens, Christopher D., John D. Le
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The International Ergonomics Associ
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approach, the Gilbreths reduced the
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3.6 BENEFITS OF ERGONOMICS The thre
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Another key to reducing lumbar disc
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MODULE 2 - USER INTERFACE DESIGN TE
Page 60 and 61: methods include inspection methods,
Page 62 and 63: Determine time of each operation (b
Page 64 and 65: unable to understand new informatio
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Page 68 and 69: Motor skill which is a learned seri
Page 70 and 71: MODULE 2 UNIT 2 UNDERSTANDING USERS
Page 72 and 73: The users of a system must be ident
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Page 76 and 77: whether you want to have a palette
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Page 80 and 81: MODULE 2 UNIT 3 USER CENTERED DESIG
Page 82 and 83: or small body text is also hard to
Page 84 and 85: Introduction to User-centered desig
Page 86 and 87: organizations themselves. Interacti
Page 88 and 89: After thorough analysis using vario
Page 90 and 91: Interaction design which is the dis
Page 92 and 93: In human-computer interaction and c
Page 94 and 95: The preferred method for ensuring u
Page 96 and 97: 3.4 ISO STANDARDS FOR USABILITY ISO
Page 98 and 99: In this unit, you have been introdu
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Page 104 and 105: The term direct manipulation was in
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Page 112 and 113: Figure 12: The iterative steps of p
Page 114 and 115: select print Figure 13: An interfac
Page 116 and 117: Ambler, S.W. & Constantine, L.L. (2
Page 118 and 119: 3.2 LOW-FIDELITY PROTOTYPES Low-fid
Page 120 and 121: Figure 14:- Example of Sketching II
Page 122 and 123: Much more important for features th
Page 124 and 125: DENIM, an extension of SILK, is a t
Page 126 and 127: • Encourage menu & forms style, r
Page 128 and 129: Another problem is that native widg
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Page 132 and 133: UNIT 3 INPUT AND OUTPUT MODELS Tabl
Page 134 and 135: Recall that perceptual fusion means
Page 136 and 137: 3.2 OUTPUT MODEL There are basicall
Page 138 and 139: directly-mapped pixel image will no
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Page 142 and 143: UNIT 4 MODEL VIEW-CONTROLLER (MVC)
Page 144 and 145: 3.3.2 AS A DESIGN PATTERN MVC enco
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Page 148 and 149: UNIT 5 LAYOUTS AND CONSTRAINTS Tabl
Page 150 and 151: 3.5 CONSTRAINTS Constraints are rel
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Page 154 and 155: MODULE 4 UNIT 1 TECHNIQUES FOR EVAL
Page 156 and 157: a. Card Sorting Card sorting is a w
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3.2.1 THE USE OF PROTOTYPES It is o
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Dumas, J.S. and Redish, J.C. (1999)
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the users' respect for you as a pro
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the users will be and what kind of
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speed whenever the average load was
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Table 4:- Table: Average times for
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phases: list the actions, and then
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Nielsen and Molich used their own e
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7.0 REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING
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users. If you do not, you can be ba
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If you are led to develop more and
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It's very easy to shape the comment
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a. Analyzing the Bottom-Line Number
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you use. But then you need some way
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ecruit test users with more similar
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MODULE 4 UNIT 4 OTHER EVALUATION IS
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3.2 CURRENT ISSUES CONCERNING EVALU
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2.0 OBJECTIVES By the end this unit
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It provides a real focal point for
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3.3.4 CONDUCTING THE TEST Having co
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The stages involved in usability te
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