PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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Childs, E. C., and N . Collis-George . 1950 . The permeability of porous materials . Roy . Soc. London Proc. A 201 : 392-405 . Gardner, W. R. 1960. Dynamic aspects of water availability to plants . Soil Sci . 85 : 63-72 . Gessel, S . P., and D . W. Cole. 1965 . Influence of removal of forest cover on movement o f water and associated elements through soil . J . Ann . Water Works Assoc . 57 : 1301-1310 . Green, R . E., and J . C . Corey . 1971 . Calculation of hydraulic conductivity : a further evaluation of some predictive methods . Soil Sci. Am. Proc . 35 : 3-8 . Literature Cited Marshall, T. J. 1958 . A relation between permeability and size distribution of pores . J. Soil Sci . 9 : 1-8 . Remson, I ., R. L. Drake, S . S. McNeary, and E. M. Wallo . 1965. Vertical drainage of an unsaturated soil . J. Hydraul . Div., Am . Soc . Civil Eng., Proc . 91 : 55-74 . Richards, L . A. 1931. Capillary conductio n through porous mediums . Physics 1 : 318-333 . 1948 . Porous plate apparatus fo r measuring moisture retention and trans - mission by soil . Soil Sci . 66 : 105-110. Rose, C . W. 1966 . Agricultural physics . 226 p . London: Pergamon Press . 101
Proceedings-Research on Coniferous <strong>Forest</strong> Ecosystems-A symposium . Bellingham, Washington-March 23-24, 197 2 Elemental transport changes occurring during development of a second-growth Douglas-fir ecosystem Charles C . Grie r Research Associat e an d Dale W . Cole Associate Professo r College of <strong>Forest</strong> Resources University of Washingto n Seattle, Washington 98195 Abstract Mineral cycling processes in a second-growth Douglas-fir ecosystem have been monitored for nearly 10 year s at the A. E. Thompson Research Center in western Washington. In this interval, substantial year-to-yea r differences in quantities of elements transferred have been observed. For example, a comparison of transfers during the 1964-65 and 1970-71 measurement years showed that input of calcium by precipitation increase d roughly 300 percent while calcium transfer by throughfall, stem flow, and leaching from the forest floo r increased roughly 600 percent, 350 percent and 220 percent, respectively . In the same interval, the mass an d elemental content of the standing crop increased roughly 15 percent while forest floor mass and elementa l content remained constant. A portion of this difference is related to the increased mass accumulated in th e standing crop. However, the major factor causing this large difference is climatic variation . These differences in elemental transfer indicate the need for continuous observation of transfer processes to resolve the effects of ecosystem development on mineral cycling against this background of climatic variation . Introduction The growth and development of a coniferous forest ecosystem does not normally occu r in a steady linear fashion . Rather, intervals of rapid stand growth may be interrupted b y periods of slower growth reflecting changes in growing conditions . In turn, the cycling of elements within a forest ecosystem can be expected to reflect these changes . Intensive study of the mineral cycling processes in second-growth Douglas-fir stands ha s been in progress at the A. E. Thompson Re - search Center since 1961 . During this time, a substantial body of information has been collected concerning the amounts, pathways , rates of transfer, and mechanisms controlling transfer of elements by the mineral cyclin g processes of this ecosystem. Between 196 1 and 1966, research was concentrated largely on detailed descriptions of ecosystem components (Cole, Gessel, and Dice 1967) . Research at the Thompson site since 196 6 has had two major objectives : (1) to provide information describing the changes in mineral cycling processes as the stand grows an d (2) to examine the year-to-year variation i n mineral cycling processes . More recently, a third objective has been to examine the relationships between climatic factors and th e various mechanisms controlling rates of transfer along the different transfer pathways . During the course of research at th e Thompson site, a number of changes in th e 103
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
Page 51 and 52: several models together to form the
Page 53 and 54: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 55 and 56: The study areas are located at seve
Page 57 and 58: K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
Page 59 and 60: An alternative way of considering i
Page 61 and 62: Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
Page 63 and 64: d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 65 and 66: Calibration of Parameter s In gener
Page 67 and 68: model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70: Usually, we are interested in the o
Page 71 and 72: LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
Page 73 and 74: the watershed. The hydrologic model
Page 77 and 78: considered as part of another food
Page 79 and 80: PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
Page 81 and 82: Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
Page 83 and 84: ful in regions with relatively unif
Page 85 and 86: epresents the basic linkages betwee
Page 87 and 88: Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
Page 89 and 90: vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94: Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96: Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98: Here v is the volume of water cross
Page 99 and 100: 2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
Page 101: .0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 105 and 106: ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108: Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110: Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114: Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116: 2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118: Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120: Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122: 0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
Page 123 and 124: _3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126: 0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128: 8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130: water is dominant because flowing w
Page 133 and 134: Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136: Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138: of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140: Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142: through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216:
Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254:
extracted was determined by the wei
Page 255 and 256:
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268:
Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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