PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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w 10 0 0 U) w 80 1- z >- u) 0 60 I-- 0 22 ° i6 ° Psn t Rs (TI + Bo (T1 (I - e B2y ° 0 t- 40 w z w > 2 0 J w cc 0 1 0 .2 0 .4 0.6 0 .8 TOTAL SHORTWAVE RADIATIO N Figure 3 . Light effects on net photosynthesis of red alder at three temperatures . 0 O w 4 0 z w >_ 1- 20 J w cc I 10 20 30 40 TEM<strong>PE</strong>RATURE, ° C Figure 4 . Net photosynthetic response of red alder to temperature at 0 .19 ly/min total s.w . radiation . 240
The important interaction between light and temperature can best be shown by numerical example . Table 1 shows the predicted temperature of maximum net photosynthesis , or optimum temperature, and the peaks of net photosynthesis for each of five levels of light. Both the optimum temperature and th e peaks of net photosynthesis increase with light. The latter is exemplary of photosynthetic light saturation . Table 1. Predicted effect of light on maximum net photosynthesis Light Relative Temperature of ly/min maximum Psn maximum Psn Figure 5 . Response surface of net CO 2 exchange generated by Psn(L,T) = -513.3 exp[ .088(T-47.7) - exp .088(T-47.71] + [187 .3 - .105(T-41 .41 2 1 [1 - exp(-9.59L)] . photosynthetic response to both light an d temperature . The functional form of the surface is included in figure 5 along with th e values of the 6 parameters obtained from a least-squares fit of the CO 2 exchange data. The average deviation of the function fro m the data was ±9 .1-pct . and the r 2 was 0 .97 . Note that the light saturation phenomeno n of photosynthesis is conserved in this model as well as the symmetrical response to temperature. Although there are no data below 5 ° and above 30°, the model seems well-behave d in the regions outside the data. As light decreases the gross photosynthesis functio n tends toward 0, and the dark respiration function begins to dominate . Below the light compensation point CO 2 fluxes become negative. At zero light only respiration occurs, an d because the function goes asymptotically t o zero at both low and high temperatures, the model never predicts an uptake of CO 2 in darkness . 0 .07 27 .8 1 6 .15 65 .5 2 0 .19 76 .2 2 1 .25 90 .8 2 2 .68 100 .0 23 The increased temperature of maximu m net photosynthesis associated with additiona l light can be explained as an interaction between the gross photosynthesis function an d dark respiration . At low light, photorespiration is minimal and photosynthesis is largely independent of the temperature increases that step-up dark respiration . Therefore, dark respiratory CO 2 losses from cellular maintenance are not compensated by photosynthesis as temperatures rise and maximum net photo - synthesis (photosnythesis minus respiration ) occurs at a relatively low temperature . As light increases, photosynthesis and its depend - ence on temperature increases . This allows photosynthesis to keep pace with temperature-controlled dark respiration and maxi - mum net photosynthesis then shifts to a higher temperature . Although the model is empirical, it has several noteworthy features . The model is continuous over a wide range of independent variables and is therefore more mathemati- 24 1
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 219 and 220: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 231: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244: 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248: may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254: extracted was determined by the wei
Page 257 and 258: I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266: insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268: Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270: stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272: S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274: ingestion variation between individ
Page 277 and 278: contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280: volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282: fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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