PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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tion; however, the mean of a group of such determinations was a reliable and unbiase d estimate of the mean obtained by direct harvest. With additional research on the problem it may be possible to reduce the experimental error of the method and to improve the reliability of individual estimates . Acknowledgments The work reported in this paper was performed under the auspices of the U .S . Atomic Energy Commission and supported in part b y National Science Foundation Grant No . GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome , U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Internationa l Biological Program . This is Contribution No . 32 to the Coniferous Forest Biome . Literature Cited Bergner, P .-E . E. 1961 . Tracer dynamics: I . A tentative approach and definition of fundamental concepts . J. Theor. Biol. 2 : 120-140 . . 1964a . Tracer dynamics and th e determination of pool sizes and turnove r factors in metabolic systems . J. Theor . Biol . 6 : 137-158 . . 1964b. Kinetic theory : Som e aspects on the study of metabolic processes . In R. M. Kniseley and W . N. Taux e (eds.), Dynamic clinical studies with radioisotopes, p. 1-18 . U .S. At. Energy Comm . TID-7678. Germantown, Md . . 1965 . Exchangeable mass : Determination without assumption of isotopic equilibrium . Science 150 : 1048-1050 . r . 1966. Tracer theory: A review . Isotope & Radiat . Tech . 3 : 245-262 . Donato, L ., C. Giuntini, R . Bianchi, and A . Maseri . 1964 . Quantitative radiocardiography for the measurement of pulmonary blood volume . In R. M. Kniseley and W. N. Tauxe (eds .), Dynamic clinical studies with radioisotopes, p . 267-283 . U .S . At. Energy Comm . TID-7678 . German - town, Md . Kline, J . R ., J. R. Martin, C . F . Jordan, and J . J. Koranda. 1970 . Measurement of transpiration in tropical trees using tritiate d water. Ecology 5(6) : 1068-1073 . Ljunggren, K . 1967. A review of the use of radioisotope tracers for evaluating parameters pertaining to the flow of materials in plant and natural systems. Isotope & Radiat. Tech. 5(1) : 3-24 . Orr, J. S., and F . C. Gillespie . 1968. Occupancy principle for radioactive tracers i n steady state biological systems . Scienc e 162 : 138-139 . Zierler, K. L. 1964. Basic aspects of kineti c theory as applied to tracer distributio n studies . In R. M. Kniseley and W . N. Taux e (eds.), Dynamic clinical studies with radioisotopes, p . 55-79 . U .S . At. Energy Comm . TID-7678. Germantown, Md . 166
Proceedings-Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosystems-A symposium . Bellingham, Washington-March 23-24, 197 2 Theodolite surveying fo r nondestructive biomas s sampling Eugene E . Addor, Botanist U .S . Army Corps of Engineers Waterways Experiment Statio n Vicksburg, Mississippi 93180 A bstract By theodolite surveying, the relative location of points in space may be calculated by triangulation . With th e aid of computers, data gathered by theodolite surveying may provide a dimensional analysis of individual trees. Because the system is nondestructive, the rates and patterns of change in the spatial structure of trees and stand s may be monitored by repetitive surveying. This paper presents a preliminary test of the approach upon trees in a 40-year-old Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) plantation in western Washington. From experience gained in the initial experiment, recommendations are made to increase the precision of repetitive measurements . Introduction The theodolite is an instrument used in precise surveying to locate points in space by triangulation . The use of high speed computers for converting angle measurements to poin t locations allows theodolite surveying techniques to be used for describing the physical structure of vegetation assemblages in considerable detail with relative ease . Such a surveying procedure has been used to construc t simulation models for studying the effects of vegetation on engineering activities (West e t al . 1971) . Since the method is nondestructive , it offers the possibility of repetitive samplin g with high inherent precision. Exploratory surveys were made recently to test the applicability of the system for this purpose (West and Allen 1971) . This paper examines som e data from a Douglas-fir stand at the Coniferous Biome intensive site in Washington . Description of the Surveying System The procedure requires two theodolite s placed at an arbitrary distance apart and located conveniently to the subject trees (fig . 1) . The vertical and horizontal angles fro m each instrument to every point located in th e sample space are measured with respect to a base line. The instruments can be move d about to obtain clear lines-of-site to desire d points in the sample space and every instrument location (turning point) is referenced t o the base line by conventional traverse survey - Figure 1 . Instrument set-up for surveying spatia l structures of trees. Two theodolites are in use ; th e instrument in the middle is a spotting laser . 167
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114: Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116: 2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118: Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120: Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122: 0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
Page 123 and 124: _3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126: 0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128: 8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130: water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 133 and 134: Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136: Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138: of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140: Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142: through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214:
Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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