PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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Methods The water column in Lake Sammamish wa s sampled at 2-week intervals in spring, summer, and early fall and monthly in winter during 1970 and 1971 . Phytoplankton biomas s and productivity and nutrient content wer e determined in samples collected from severa l depths. Nutrient supply from surface water s was estimated by monthly sample collectio n and flow measurements from two major an d 11 minor streams entering the lake . Primary productivity was determined i n situ according to procedures described b y Goldman (1961) . Water samples inoculate d with C 14 were incubated at four depths for 4 hours and the results reported as integrate d productivity in the photic zone extrapolate d to daily rates assuming a 1 :1 relationship with incident light. Data are reported from on e centrally located station in each of the lakes . Methods of Strickland and Parsons (1968 ) were followed for N, P, and Chlorophyll a (Chl a) analyses in water . Total and orthophosphate phosphorus were determined spectrophotometrically as a phosphomolybdat e complex. Reactive silicate was also deter - mined from a silico-molybdate complex . Nitrate and nitrite were determined spectrophotometrically following reduction in a cadmium-copper filled column and are reported together as NO 3 -N. Chl a was determined with a Turner Model 110 fluorometer . Cations were determined by atomic absorption techniques and anions by routine procedures (American Public Health Associatio n 1971). All analyses except for total P wer e performed on filtered (0.451.t poresize) water samples . Surface sediments (surface to 10-cm depth ) were collected with a Peterson dredge in the four lakes . Surface sediments in Lake Sammamish were sampled more extensively (2 6 samples from 26 different depths) than those of the other three lakes where only four to si x samples were collected . Analyses for total C , N, and P contents of air-dried sediments wer e performed with procedures of Baker (1970 ) for C, Bremner (1960, 1965) for N, and Delfino et al. (1969) for P. The phosphomolybdate-ascorbic acid method of Strickland and Parsons (1968) was used for the determination of extracted P . Results are expresse d on an ovendried (104°C) basis . Bioassays to determine the limiting nutrient(s) were conducted in large (0 .21 m z X5m) plastic cylinders submerged in the lake for 7 days. Nitrogen, P, C, and Si were added t o experimental bags separately and in combination . Phytoplankton response was determine d by daily measurements of productivity rat e and Chl a concentration . Significance of response was judged from results of analysi s of variance using a factorial design and Dunnett 's test at the 95-percent level of confidence (Steel and Torrie 1960) . Data are graphed as integrated values over time to indicate total production . Lake Sammamish Trophic Status Lake Sammamish is considered mesotrophic judging from measurements of phytoplankton productivity, biomass (Chi a), hypolimnetic oxygen deficit, and concentration s and loading of N and P . Guidelines for thes e characteristics are suggested in table 1 fo r judging the trophic status of a lake . With on e exception, values for these characteristics i n Lake Sammamish fall in between ranges typical of oligotrophy and those of eutrophy . Th e exception, mean winter ortho PO 4 -P, i s greater than the level often considered indicative of subsequent summer nuisance alga l blooms (Sawyer 1952). Of probably mor e significance than winter concentration, how - ever, is annual supply of P . In this regard , Lake Sammamish lies clearly between safe and danger limits of eutrophication, her e construed to suggest oligotrophy an d eutrophy, respectively (Vollenweider 1968) . These ranges of measured characteristic s are at best only guidelines for judging the trophic status in lakes . Eutrophication o f lakes is a complex process and is affected b y climate, basin morphology and soil type . Differences in these factors could lead to considerable inconsistencies in judging trophi c status using the limited number of characteristics in table 1 . On the other hand, the 302
Table 1.-Suggested criteria for judging trophic status of temperate lakes and respective values for Lake Sammamish Item Oligotrophic Eutrophic Lake Sammamish Chlorophyll a ug/l ' (growth season mean) 0-4 10-100 7 . 1 Primary productivity 2 mgC/m 2 • day (growth season mean) 30-300 1,000-3,000 77 0 Hypolimnetic 02 deficit 3 in mg 02 /cm 2 • day (mean rate) < .025 >.055 .05 3 Ortho P04 -P in ug/14 (winter mean) >10 12 (total P, 26 ) NO 3 -N in ug/l4 (winter mean) >300 14 2 Total P annual supply s in g/m 2 • yr for mean depth 17 .7 m .26 .2 0 Total N annual supplys in g/m 2 • yr for mean depth 17 .7 m 4 .00 3 .8 7 ' Based on data from several lakes in Canada and Unite d States . ' Modified from Rhode (1969), including data from Schindler and Nighswander (1970) . 3 After Mortimer (1941, 1942) . °Modified from Sawyer (1952) . 5 After Vollenweider (1968) . Table 2.-Comparison of trophic status indicators (May-August means) in Lake Sammamish surface water with other lakes of the Ceda r River drainage, Western Coniferous Biome, Washington Lake Total P P04 -P N0 3 -N Si Chl a Productivity Secch i ug/l mg C/m 2 • day m Findley' 4 .9 1 .0 3 .0 76 0.3 370 1 5 Chester Morse 5 .1 1 .0 16 .3 373 1 .6 520 7 . 3 Sammamish 48 .0 7 .0 86 .0 1,100 7 .1 770 3 . 5 Washington 2 18 .7 1 .1 56 .5 9 .5 1,070 2 .3 July and August only because of earlier ice over . 2W. T . Edmondson, personal communication . 30 3
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248: may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254: extracted was determined by the wei
Page 255 and 256: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 257 and 258: I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266: insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268: Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270: stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272: S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274: ingestion variation between individ
Page 275 and 276: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 277 and 278: contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280: volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282: fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284: 18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286: a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 287: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 291 and 292: Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294: during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
Page 295 and 296: greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298: 2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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Page 301 and 302: in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304: Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306: targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308: This program will automatically cal
Page 309: The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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