PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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anch. 170 p . Ph .D . thesis on file, Univ . Wash., Seattle . Sestak, Z ., J . Catsky, and P . G . Jarvis (eds .) . 1971 . Plant photosynthetic production , manual of methods . 818 p . The Hague : Dr . W. Junk N .V . Publishers . Slatyer, R . O . 1967 . Plant-water relationships . 366 p . London : Acad . Press . Slavik, B . 1971. Determination of stomatal aperture . In Z . Sestak, J . Catsky, and P . G . Jarvis (eds .), Plant photosynthetic production, manual of methods, p . 556-565 . The Hague : Dr . W . Junk N .V . Publishers . Stalfelt, M . G . 1956 . Die stomatare Transpiration and die Physiologie der Spaltoffnungen . In W . Ruhland (ed .), Handb . Pflanzenphysiol. III : 351-426 . 1960 . Die Frage der begrenzenden Faktoren . In W . Ruhland (ed .), Handb . Pflanzenphysiol . V 2 : 213-254 . Stephens, G . R . 1969 . Productivity of red pine. 1 . Foliage distribution in tree crowns and stand canopy . Agric . Meteorol . 6 : 275-282 . Thompson, R . B., and L . Leyton . 1971 . Method for measuring the leaf surface area of complex shoots . Nature 229 : 572 . Tranquillini, W. 1969 . Photosynthese and Transpiration einiger Holzarten bei verschieden starkem Wind . Centralbl. fur da s Gesamte Forstw . (Wien) 86(1) : 35-48 . Ungerson, J ., and G . Scherdin . 1965 . Untersuchungen uber Photosynthese and Atmung unter nattirlichen Bedingungen wa`hrend des Winterhalbjahres bei Pin u s silvestris, Picea excelsa, and Juniperus cornmunis . Planta 67 : 136-167 . Waggoner, P . E ., and N . C . Turner . 1971 . Transpiration and its control by stomata i n a pine forest . Bull . Conn . Agric. Exp. Stn . 726, 87 p . Waring, R . H ., and B . D . Cleary . 1967 . Plant moisture stress : evaluation by pressur e bomb . Science 155(3767) : 1248-1254 . , K. L . Reed, and W. H. Emmingham . 1972 . An environmental grid fo r classifying coniferous forest ecosystems . In Proceedings-research on coniferous fores t ecosystems-a symposium, p . 79-91, illus . Pac . Northwest Forest & Range Exp . Stn . , Portland, Oreg . Woodman, James N . 1968 . The relationshi p of net photosynthesis to environment with - in the crown of a large Douglas-fir tree . 18 8 p . Ph .D . thesis on file, Univ . Wash ., Seattle . 1971 . Variation of net photo - synthesis within the crown of a large forest - grown conifer . Photosynthetica 5(1) : 50-54 . Zelawski, W ., and J . Kucharska . 1967 . Winter depression of photosynthetic activity i n seedlings of Scots pine (Pinus silvestris, L .) . Photosynthetica 1(3-4) : 207-213 . Zimmermann, M . H ., and C . L. Brown . 1971 . Trees : structure and function . 336 p . New York : Springer-Verlag Inc . 225
Proceedings-Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosystems-A symposium. Bellingham, Washington-March 23-24, 197 2 Criteria for selecting an optimal model: terrestrial photosynthesis Kenneth L . Ree d College of Forest Resources University of Washingto n Seattle, Washington 98196 an d Warren L . Web b School of Forestr y Oregon State University Corvallis, Oregon 9733 1 A bs tract In theory, there exists an infinite number of models of a given system. These models differ in resolution, scope, descriptive and predictive power. Because the models described in the literature generally reflect th e personal perspectives and goals of the researchers who developed the models, it is helpful to be able to evaluat e the potential of a given model to provide the information needed in another research problem . Several criteria for selection of models or modeling approach are suggested in this paper. The use of the criteria is illustrated by discussion of several mathematical models of photosynthesis taken from the literature . The models discussed include a linear regression model, an energy budget model, and models based on theory of enzyme kinetics and gas exchange . Introduction A great many models are available that de - scribe photosynthesis, some of which will be discussed below . Because of the many models now available, we had hoped that we woul d not have to develop a new model-that w e need only choose or modify an existing model . Thus it was necessary to consider certain criteria by which to judge the applicability of a given model to the purposes of the IBP . Several of the criteria will be discussed be - low. This list is probably not complete, but i s suggested as a guide to model selection, modeling approach, or both . Because most scientists are modelers in a broad sense, this discussion is intended primarily for those scientists who are least familiar with formal aspects of modeling . Criteria for Model Selectio n Because plant growth and presumably community composition are greatly influenced b y photosynthetic capacity, that phenomeno n has been the object of a great deal of study . Photosynthesis is only one component of the biochemical system resulting in plant growth . Failure to consider other factors in growth, a s well as the fact that photosynthesis can be uncoupled from growth, results in the general failure of attempts to predict growth from photosynthesis. However, a model of photosynthesis is an important component of a growth model and because the process o f photosynthesis is a physical-chemical system , attempts to model photosynthesis should b e consistent with some basic tenets of systems theory as well as physical reality . 227
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 173 and 174: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234: The important interaction between l
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244: 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248: may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254: extracted was determined by the wei
Page 257 and 258: I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266: insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268: Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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