PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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asis of the structure of the different pin e crops (tables 1 and 5 and comparable descriptions from references in table 7) that the three lodgepole pine stands of this study carry appreciably greater burdens of respiratory biomass (Yoda et al. 1965). The major limitation of pine productivity in the Central and Northern Rocky Mountains may be the generally infertile soils and inimical continental climates. Under these environmental conditions not even the thinning treatment (stand 4.3) and subsequent surge of productivity i n surviving stems gave increased yield on an are a basis (table 6) . Management decisions in the Colorad o Lodgepole Pine Zone must recognize th e inherent low productivity of P. contorta . Where wood production must continue t o have management priority, efficiency o f utilization can be increased at least 10 percent if live branches can be economically include d in the harvest (table 5) (Young 1968) . Management can also be directed toward uneven - aged stands for purposes of esthetics, enhanced groundcover production, or better game utilization. Small, irregularly shaped clearcut areas are also an attractive management possibility for long-term planning in this low productivity region . This study suggests strongly that because of its very low productivity, especially when compared against th e productivity of intensively managed pin e plantations, lodgepole pine stands in environments of site index of 90 or less should b e regarded as only minor resources of woo d harvest. A greater percentage of such land i n the lodgepole pine region of North Americ a might be devoted to recreational usage . A much neglected management tool in lodgepole pine forests is prescribed burning . Periodic fires were an important feature of lodgepole forests (Moir 1969) . This study and others (Kiil 1968) reveal that high quantities of slowly decomposable materials build up within natural stands . Fairly high quantities of nutrients become locked up in the forest floor humus (Moir and Grier 1969) ; this humus together with the shaded condition of the forest floor in closed stands has adverse effect upon the ground flora (Basile and Jensen 1971, Moir 1966). Controlled fire has at least four possible beneficial effects in lodgepole pine forests : (1) The reduction of fuel and wildfire probability, (2) stimulatio n of ground vegetation, (3) a nutrient "pulse" effect stimulating tree production, (4) tree thinning and conversion to uneven-age d stands. The possible use of controlled surfac e fires in P. contorta should be given considerably more attention . Acknowledgments Work reported in this paper was supporte d by the National Science Foundation, Grant No . B020357 in cooperation with the Coniferou s Forest Biome, U .S. Analysis of Ecosystems , International Biological Program . This is Contribution No. 35 to the Coniferous Forest Biome . Literature Cited Art, H. W., and P. L. Marks. 1971. A summary table of biomass and net annual primary production in forest ecosystems o f the world . In Forest biomass studies, 15th IUFRO Congr., p. 3-32 . Orono : Univ. Maine Press . Basile, J. V., and C. E. Jensen . 1971 . Grazing potential on lodgepole pine clearcuts i n Montana. USDA Forest Serv . Res. Pap. INT-98, 11 p . Intermountain Forest & Range Exp . Stn ., Ogden, Utah . Forrest, W. G. 1969. Variations in the accumulation, distribution and movement of mineral materials in radiata pine plantations. 276 p. Ph .D. thesis on file at Australian Nat . Univ., Canberra . Hatiya, K., K. Doi, and R. Kobayashi. 1965 . Analysis of the growth in Japanese red pin e (Pinus densiflora) stands. A report on th e matured plantation in Iwate Prefecture . Govt. For. Exp. Stn. Bull. (Tokyo) 176 : 75-88 . Johnstone, W . D. 1971 . Total standing cro p and tree component distributions in thre e stands of 100-year-old lodgepole pine . In Forest biomass studies, 15th IUFR O Congr., p. 81-89 . Orono : Univ. Maine Press . 197
Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fuel complex in 70-year-old lodgepole pine stands of different densities . Can. Dep. For. & Rural Dev., For. Br. Dep . Publ . 1228, 9 p . Kira, T., and T. Shidei . 1967 . Primary production and turnover of organic matter in different forest ecosystems of the wester n Pacific . Jap . J. Ecol . 17: 70-87 . Larson, P. R., and J . C. Gordon . 1969 . Photo - synthesis and wood yield . Agric. Sci. Rev . 7 : 7-14 . Lotan, J . E., and C. E. Jensen . 1970. Estimating seed stored in serotinous cones of lodgepole pine. USDA Forest Serv . Res . Pap. INT-83, 10 p . Intermountain Forest & Range Exp . Stn ., Ogden, Utah . Madgwick, H. A. I. 1968. Seasonal changes in biomass and annual production of an old - field Pinus virginiana stand. Ecology 49 : 149-152 . Moir, W . H . 1966. Influence of ponderosa pine on herbaceous vegetation . Ecology 47 : 1045-1048 . . 1969. The lodgepole pine zon e in Colorado. Am. Midland Nat. 81 : 87-98 . and R . Francis . 1972. Foliage biomass and surface area in three Pinus contorta plots in Colorado . Forest Sci. 18 : 41-45, illus . and H. Grier . 1969. Weight an d nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and cal - cium content of forest floor humus o f lodgepole pine stands in Colorado . Soil . Sci. Soc. Am. Proc . 33 : 137-140 . Myers, C. A. 1967. Yield tables for manage d stands of lodgepole pine in Colorado an d Wyoming. USDA Forest Serv . Res. Pap . RM-26, 20 p . Rocky Mountain Forest & Range Exp . Stn ., Fort Collins, Colo . Ovington, J. D., W . G . Forrest, and J . S. Armstrong. 1967 . Tree biomass estimation . In Primary productivity and mineral cycling i n natural ecosystems-symp . Am. Assoc . Advan. Sci. 13th Annu . Meet . & Ecol . Soc . Am. (New York) Proc., p. 4-31 . Orono : Univ . Maine Press . Rodin, L . E., and N . I. Bazilevich . 1967 . [Production and mineral cycling in terrestrial vegetation.] 288 p. London : Oliver & Boyd . (English translation .) Whittaker, R . H ., and G. M. Woodwell . 1968 . Dimension and production relations of trees and shrubs in the Brookhaven Forest , New York. J . Ecol . 56: 1-25 . Y o d a, K., K. Shinozaki, H. Ogawa, K . Hozumi, and T . Kira . 1965. Estimation of the total amount of respiration in wood y organs of trees and forest communities . J . Biol . (Osaka) 16 : 15-26 . Young, H. E. 1968 . Challenge of complete tree utilization . Forest Prod. J. 18 : 83-86 . 198
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
Page 25 and 26:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
Page 35 and 36:
The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
Page 49 and 50:
subsystems as objects . In addition
Page 51 and 52:
several models together to form the
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
The study areas are located at seve
Page 57 and 58:
K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
Page 59 and 60:
An alternative way of considering i
Page 61 and 62:
Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
Page 63 and 64:
d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 65 and 66:
Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70:
Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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Page 77 and 78:
considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142: through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 143 and 144: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234: The important interaction between l
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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Page 277 and 278:
contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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