PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

More documents

Recommendations

Info

when they move to the floor for overwintering or pupation. The food chain with primary consumers that feed on fine detritus i s coupled to this subsystem through the detritus output, and the canopy food chain ma y influence the energy flow rates within th e detritus food chain by the quality of its detrital outputs . Besides these connections with other foo d chain subsystems, the canopy consumers ar e closely linked to the primary productio n system . The consumers are influenced by th e quantity and quality of herbaceous materia l produced by the trees . However, the influence of the canopy food chain on primary production is more subtle. Although consumption o f foliage or cones is not considered to be at a rate to affect production in the old-growt h canopy of the model, the preferential consumption of new needles and expanding cone s may affect the nutrient capital of the trees . These consumption sites are physiologica l sinks, and mobile nutrients are actively moved to them from senescent foliage and storag e sites (Sweet and Wareing 1966) . The loss o f these sinks may mean the return of certain nutrients to the soil solution rather than thei r retention by the trees (Rafes 1970) . Also , consumption of bud tips reduces the sites o f growth hormone production ; this hormone i s necessary for cambial division, and loca l deficiencies may result from the gregariou s feeding habits of some herbivores (Kozlowsk i 1969). These indirect couplings may prove t o be the most significant role of the food chai n subsystems in the old-growth forest . Summary The consumer system is composed of a series of grazing and detritus food chains . Th e primary consumers are thought to be reason - ably unique to each food chain, and direc t energy transfers between the food chain s occur via common predators . The processes of energy transfer that link the components of the food chains with each other and the rest of the ecosystem are : consumption, assimilation, elimination, respiration, and death. Indirect links are formed by informational transfers which influence energy flows . The forest canopy food chain includes the primary consumers that feed on herbaceous material produced in the canopy and the series of related predators . This food chain is directly linked to primary production by consumption of herbaceous materials, to th e other food chains by common predators, and to the detritus component through production of detrital material . Primary productio n influences the food chain processes by variations in nutritional quality, spatial arrangement, and quantity of material produced . Th e influences of the food chain on primar y production are more subtle . Preferential feeding habits of many canopy grazers affect th e number of sites of plant hormone productio n and the fate of mobile nutrients in th e ecosystem . Acknowledgments The work reported in this paper wa s supported by National Science Foundatio n Grant No. GB-20963 to the Coniferous Fores t Biome, U .S. Analysis of Ecosystems, International Biological Program . This is Contributio n No . 25 from the Coniferous Forest Biome . 76
Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomology . 35 1 p., illus. New York : McGraw-Hill Book Co . , Inc . Isaac, L. A. 1943. Reproductive habits of Douglas-fir . 107 p ., illus. Washington, D .C . : Charles Lathrop Pack For . Found . Keen, F . P. 1952. Insect enemies of western forests. U .S. Dep. Agric. Misc. Publ . 273 : 75-126 . Kozlowski, T . T. 1969. Tree physiology ' an d forest pests . J. For. 67 : 118-122 . Lack, David . 1954. The natural regulation of animal numbers. 343 p., illus. Oxford , England: Clarendon Press . Maser, C . O. 1966 . Life histories and ecology of Phenacomys albipes, Phenacomys longicaudus, Phenacomys siluicola . M .S. thesis on file, Oreg . State Univ., Corvallis . Overton, W . S. 1972 . Toward a general model structure for a forest ecosystem . In Jerry F . Literature Cited Franklin, L. J. Dempster, and Richard H . Waring (eds .), Proceedings-research on coniferous forest ecosystems-a symposium, p . 37-47, illus . Pac . Northwest Forest & Range Exp . Stn., Portland, Oreg . Rafes, P. M. 1970. Estimation of the effect s of phytophagous insects on forest production . In D. E. Reichle (ed .), Analysis of temperate forest ecosystems, p . 100-106 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag . Sweet, G . B., and P. F. Wareing. 1966. Role of plant growth in regulating photosynthesis. Nature 210 : 77-79 . Way, M . J., and M. Cammell . 1970. Aggregation behavior in relation to food utilizatio n by aphids . In A . Watson (ed.), Animal populations in relation to their food re - sources, p. 229-247. Oxford, England : Blackwell Sci . Pub . 77
Page 1 and 2:
PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
Page 3 and 4:
Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
Page 5 and 6:
Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
Page 7 and 8:
Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
Page 9 and 10:
Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 11 and 12:
directly, to solution of major natu
Page 13 and 14:
4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
Page 15 and 16:
where validation studies could be c
Page 17 and 18:
have been developed . Prior to thei
Page 19 and 20:
of gross production and respiration
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
Page 23 and 24:
Nutrient levels in stream and lake
Page 25 and 26:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 27 and 28:
inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
Page 29 and 30: was slightly raised in 1902, the la
Page 31 and 32: climate, surrounding terrestrial en
Page 33 and 34: more similar than between the diffe
Page 35 and 36: The net rate of primary production
Page 37 and 38: community structure and energy flo
Page 39 and 40: est adapted organism vacillates bet
Page 41 and 42: U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
Page 43 and 44: successful . Thus we can see modeli
Page 45 and 46: of the external quantities of S wou
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
Page 49 and 50: subsystems as objects . In addition
Page 51 and 52: several models together to form the
Page 53 and 54: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 55 and 56: The study areas are located at seve
Page 57 and 58: K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
Page 59 and 60: An alternative way of considering i
Page 61 and 62: Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
Page 63 and 64: d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 65 and 66: Calibration of Parameter s In gener
Page 67 and 68: model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70: Usually, we are interested in the o
Page 71 and 72: LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
Page 73 and 74: the watershed. The hydrologic model
Page 77 and 78: considered as part of another food
Page 79: PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
Page 83 and 84: ful in regions with relatively unif
Page 85 and 86: epresents the basic linkages betwee
Page 87 and 88: Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
Page 89 and 90: vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94: Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96: Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98: Here v is the volume of water cross
Page 99 and 100: 2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
Page 101 and 102: .0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 105 and 106: ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108: Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110: Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114: Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116: 2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118: Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120: Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122: 0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
Page 123 and 124: _3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126: 0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128: 8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130: water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136:
Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138:
of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140:
Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142:
through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148:
1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152:
in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154:
Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160:
this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162:
solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168:
Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170:
trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172:
data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178:
Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180:
NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182:
Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184:
watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186:
Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188:
Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190:
Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192:
Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194:
Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196:
condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198:
proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200:
Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202:
Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204:
Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206:
from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208:
Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210:
at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212:
Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214:
Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216:
Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218:
Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224:
which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226:
The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228:
P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234:
The important interaction between l
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240:
0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242:
Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244:
4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246:
1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248:
may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250:
7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254:
extracted was determined by the wei
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260:
Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262:
studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264:
permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266:
insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268:
Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270:
stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272:
S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274:
ingestion variation between individ
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280:
volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282:
fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284:
18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286:
a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292:
Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294:
during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
Page 295 and 296:
greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298:
2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
Page 299 and 300:
detectable increase in concentratio
Page 301 and 302:
in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304:
Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306:
targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308:
This program will automatically cal
Page 309:
The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
show all

PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?