PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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Table 5 .-Nitrogen contents of common epiphytes in water - shed 10. Analyses were performed on air-dry material; results are expressed on an ovendry-weight basis Epiphyte Percent nitroge n Lichens with green algal phycobionts : Alectoria sarmentosa 0 .49 Hypogymnia enteromorpha .50 Hypogymnia imshaugii .66 Platismatia glauca .4 1 Platismatia herrei .50 Platismatia stenophylla .52 Sphaerophorus globosus .4 2 Lichens with Nostoc phycobionts: Lobaria oregana 1 .9 3 Peltigera aphthose 2.84 Pseudocyphellaria anomala 3.07 Pseudocyphellaria anthraspis 2 .6 2 Sticta weigelii 3 .78 Bryophytes : Dicranum scoparium .87 Hypnum circinale .95 Isothecium spiculiferum 1 .1 0 Table 6 .-Estimates of the total quantity of nitrogen containe d in the epiphytes on tree 1 in watershed 1 0 Epiphyte Nitrogen g BRYOPHYTES Hypnum circinale 40 Dicranum spp . 2 6 Other bryophytes 1 7 Bryophyte total 8 2 LICHEN S Sphaerophorus globosus 8 Other lichens with green algal phycobionts 4 Lobaria oregana 12 7 Other lichens with Nostoc phycobionts 4 Lichen total 14 3 TOTAL 225 186
watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, personal communication). Our 18.3 kg of epiphytes, per tree would then correspond to 1 .1 metric tons per hectare, a figure well within the range of values reported from northern conifer forests (Edwards et al . 1960, Scotter 1962, Rodin and Bazilevich 1967). Our estimate is only for the overstory Douglas-fir trees, however, an d does not take into account the considerabl e biomass of epiphytes that is located on understory trees and shrubs . For comparison, our estimate of the tota l dry weight of needle biomass on the tree sampled is 84 kg, a figure 4 .6 times as high as the estimate of epiphyte biomass . Our finding, that a large proportion of epiphyte biomass is present on small branch - lets, indicates the importance of adequate sampling of this part of the tree and demonstrates the importance of nondestructiv e sampling because the branchlets are particularly likely to be destroyed when a large, old - growth Douglas-fir tree is felled . Since th e contribution from the branchlets is significant, EIV should be modified to include a component from the branchlets to avoi d underestimating the portion of epiphyte biomass located on small branch systems . Our methodology does not include estimates of biomass of crustose lichens or free - living algae. We have observed, even on twig s smaller than 1 cm in diameter, that cover of crustose lichens is regularly greater than 5 0 percent of the total surface area of the twigs . Our estimates must be considered underestimates since they include only bryophytes an d foliose and fruticose lichens . Acknowledgments We would like to acknowledge the assistance of Fred Rhoades, Jane McCauley, and Tom Denison in the field sampling and o f Mary Vreeland, Karen Barrett, and Kare n Berliner in sorting and weighing the epiphytes . This project began (June-August 1970) as a student project supported by the National Science Foundation Undergraduate Researc h Participation Program (Grant No. GY-7641 ) to the Department of Botany, Oregon Stat e University . Subsequent work was supporte d by National Science Foundation Grant No . GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome , U .S. Analysis of Ecosystems, International Biological Program . This is Contribution No . 34 to the Coniferous Forest Biome . Literature Cited Barkman, J. J. 1958 . Phytosociology and ecology of cryptogamic epiphytes . 628 p . , illus. Assen, Netherlands : Van Gorcum. Denison, William C., Diane M. Tracy , Frederick M. Rhoades, and Martha Sherwood . 1972 . Direct, nondestructiv e measurement of biomass and structure i n living old-growth Douglas-fir . In Jerry F . Franklin, L. J. Dempster, and Richard H . Waring (eds.), Proceedings-research on coniferous forest ecosystems-a symposium, p. 147-158, illus. Pac. Northwest Forest & Range Exp . Stn., Portland, Oreg. Edwards, R. Y., J. Soos, and R . W. Ritcey . 1960 . Quantitative observations o n epidendric lichens used as food by caribou . Ecology 41 : 425-431 . Pike, L . H. 1971. The role of epiphytic lichens and mosses in production and nutri - ent cycling of an oak forest. 172 p ., illus . Ph.D. thesis, on file at Univ. Oreg ., Eugene . Rodin, L. E., and N . I. Bazilevich . 1967 . Production and mineral cycling in terrestrial vegetation . [Trans. from Russian .] 288 p . , illus. Edinburgh : Oliver and Boyd . Scotter, G . W. 1962. Productivity of arborea l lichens and their possible importance t o barren-ground caribou (Rangifer arcticus) . Arch . Soc . Bot. Fenn . " Vanamo" 16 : 155-161 . 187
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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Page 55 and 56:
The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70:
Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96:
Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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Page 105 and 106:
ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 133 and 134: Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136: Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138: of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140: Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142: through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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