PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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x -0 o 90 LL L 70 L a) a E 50 a ) t -o a ) L a- 30 30 50 70 90 Observed Temperature Growth Inde x Figure 5 . Relationship between the temperature index derived from the growth response of Douglas - fir to temperature and the midpoint values predicted from the presence of indicator species in a given ecosystem (table 3) . Validation stands, 0 , with one exception fell within the 95-percent confidence limits . r2 = 0.93 . 30 significant . Similarly, figure 6 presents the regression for plant moisture stress where the r 2 was 0.77, also highly significant. The symbol 8 represents validation stands which generall y fell within the 95-percent confidence intervals . From the comparisons made earlier, we showed that environmental plant indices ca n predict the forest composition, and conversely from the above relationships, we not e that environmental indices may be predicted from knowledge of the distribution of specifi c plants . Environmental Plant Indices as Predictor s of Forest Productivity In this study the only index to productivit y was maximum tree height . Particularly on th e infertile ultrabasic soils, this index overestimates productivity, for although individua l trees reach considerable height, the density o f trees remains low. Reed and Waring l reporte d that the ratio of actual to potential transpiration (T/PT) combined with the Temperatur e Growth Index (TGI) accounted for 96 per - cent of the variation observed in the maxi - mum height of Douglas-fir . For all dominant trees, these and related indices accounted fo r 86 percent of the variation in height . The model for analytic solution is : Maximum height (in meters) = - 102.3 + 0.334 PT + 316.4 T/PT + 0.405 TGI - 186.8 (T/PT) 2 - 3.25 (T/PT)PT + 0.631 (T/PT)TGI This is encouraging, considering the limited sampling of tree heights and the expecte d differences among species . The model was not improved by including the index to soil fertility, again suggesting that total height may be an inadequate measure of productivity . Figure 6. Relationship between the moisture stress index during the period when soil water may b e limiting to reference conifers and the midpoin t values predicted from the presence of indicato r species in a given ecosystem (table 3) . Validation stands, 0, fell within the 95-percent confidence limits . r2 = 0.77 . 30 Data Requirement s If the environmental grid is to be applie d across the Coniferous Forest Biome, then a coordinated effort must be made to test an d improve the approach . Present efforts by 1 Unpublished data . 89
Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are channele d toward providing additional physiological information on Douglas-fir, one of four pro - posed reference plants . These investigators are concerned with photosynthesis, water uptake , transpiration, and translocation . Lavender an d Hermann are responsible for providing functional relationships between foliage, stem, an d roots. Through stem and twig analysis and b y aging foliage, we hope to gain measures of net primary production . Other reference plants include Pinus ponderosa, Tsuga heterophylla, and Abies lasiocarpa ; additional studies on these specie s are necessary . To extend and validate the genera l approach described in this paper, we will re - quire certain kinds of information at selecte d forest environments across the Biome . Forest stands will be selected which represent equilibrium stages ; i.e., approach the maximu m accumulation of biomass, on homogeneou s areas at least 30 m 2 . Within these stands, bud break will b e recorded on 1- to 2-m reference conifers b y observing five lateral branches on each of a t least five trees. Cambial activity will b e assessed by using the pin-into-cambium technique which identifies the termination of cel l divisions (Wolter 1968) . Stand compositio n and structure will be estimated from basa l area and height estimates of trees and under - story sampling of shrub and herbaceous cover . Nocturnal moisture stress will be measure d on three to five reference trees at 2-week intervals throughout the growing season and at less frequent intervals during the dorman t season, unless winter dessication is likely . Temperature under the stand near referenc e trees will be recorded at 1 m above and 20 c m below ground level. Latitude location o f stands will allow for calculation of day length for different seasons . Nutrition will b e assessed from a composite sample of 1-yearold foliage collected from the lateral branches of at least five trees at the time of new shoot elongation and during the late fall . Short wave radiation will be measured in a nearby open area or above the stand. Data will be expressed in cal cm -2 day -1 . Absolut e humidity will be measured daily at solar noon during the growing season and if possible continuously year around. Precipitation will include both monthly values and average maxi - mum snow depth . Estimates of wind velocity are desired where conditions appear to warrant measurements . These data will not only be valuable to hel p construct the environmental grid but wil l serve to interpret process studies in decomposition, consumer population dynamics, and other ecosystem properties . Acknowledgments All field investigations reported in thi s paper were generously funded under an extended McIntire-Stennis Federal Grant . Th e simulation of transpiration, regression equations for productivity, and a computer program for defining plant response indices o n the basis of overlapping plant distribution s were developed under support by Nationa l Science Foundation Grant No . GB-20963 t o the Coniferous Forest Biome, U .S. Analysis o f Ecosystems, International Biological Program . This is Contribution No . 26 from the Coniferous Forest Biome . Literature Cited Atzet, T., and R. H . Waring. 1970. Selectiv e filtering of light by coniferous forests an d minimum light energy requirements fo r regeneration . Can. J. Bot. 48 : 2163-2167 . Azzi, G . 1955. Agricultural ecology . 424 p. London : Constable and Co . Bakuzis, E. V. 1961 . Synecological coordinates and investigations of forest ecosystems . 13th Congr. Int. Union For. Res . Org. (Vienna) Proc . 2, Sec . 21½ . Boyer, J . S . 1967 . Leaf water potentials measured with a pressure chamber. Plant Physiol. 42: 133-137 . Cleary, B . D., and R. H. Waring. 1969. Temperature : collection of data and its analysis for the interpretation of plant growth an d distribution . Can . J. Bot . 47 : 167-173 . Daubenmire, R . 1952. Forest vegetation of northern Idaho and adjacent Washington , 90
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
Page 41 and 42: U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
Page 43 and 44: successful . Thus we can see modeli
Page 45 and 46: of the external quantities of S wou
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
Page 49 and 50: subsystems as objects . In addition
Page 51 and 52: several models together to form the
Page 53 and 54: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 55 and 56: The study areas are located at seve
Page 57 and 58: K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
Page 59 and 60: An alternative way of considering i
Page 61 and 62: Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
Page 63 and 64: d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 65 and 66: Calibration of Parameter s In gener
Page 67 and 68: model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70: Usually, we are interested in the o
Page 71 and 72: LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
Page 73 and 74: the watershed. The hydrologic model
Page 77 and 78: considered as part of another food
Page 79 and 80: PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
Page 81 and 82: Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
Page 83 and 84: ful in regions with relatively unif
Page 85 and 86: epresents the basic linkages betwee
Page 87 and 88: Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
Page 89 and 90: vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91: Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 95 and 96: Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98: Here v is the volume of water cross
Page 99 and 100: 2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
Page 101 and 102: .0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 105 and 106: ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108: Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110: Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114: Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116: 2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118: Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120: Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122: 0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
Page 123 and 124: _3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126: 0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128: 8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130: water is dominant because flowing w
Page 133 and 134: Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136: Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138: of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140: Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142: through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 143 and 144:
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214:
Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Page 221 and 222:
Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Page 289 and 290:
Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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