PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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with a birdseed-Crisco mixture . Traps were run for 5 full days . Two such grids were established to sampl e the range of variability within the Thompso n site, and each was trapped twice, once in summer and once in winter, as follows : Grid I : July 22 to 27, 1969, and March 22 to 27 , 1970 ; Grid II : September 6 to 11, 1969, and February 18 to 23, 1970 . The results (table 1 ) show several patterns . There is a difference between summer and winter populations i n almost all cases as well as a number of differences between plots . From other work on small mammal populations we would predict that there would also be variations from year to year . Since this method assumes that all th e mammals on the inner grid are caught, it i s important that trapping be highly efficient . Study of the trapping data (Miller 1970) suggests that winter populations may not be as trappable as summer populations, so winte r estimates in table 1 may be low . We have planned further work to increase trapping efficiency and so improve the accuracy of these estimates . Meanwhile, it is possible with our presen t data to obtain at least preliminary values for small mammal biomass (table 2) . Note that the differences between the two plots in tota l biomass are rather small, and that the dro p from summer to winter, in total biomass, is Table 1 .-Small mammal density estimates from grid-trapping (number per hectare ) Species Grid I Gri I I July March September February Sorex trowbridgei 16 .8 3.0 8.2 3 .0 S. vagrans 4 .3 2.6 1 .3 . 4 Neurotrichus gibbsi 3 .5 .9 3.6 1 . 3 Microtus oregoni 1 .3 .9 1 .7 1 . 7 Peromyscus maniculatus 1 .7 1.3 2.2 1 . 3 Total 27.6 8.7 17 .0 7 .7 Table 2.-Small mammal biomass (grams per hectare) Species Grid I Gri d If July March September February Sorex trowbridgei 82 .3 18.5 41 .0 16 . 5 S. vagrans 27 .4 17 .8 6.7 2 . 7 Neurotrichus gibbsi 27 .9 7.7 51 .4 11 . 1 Microtus oregoni 19 .8 14 .1 28.6 27 . 9 Peromyscus maniculatus 27.7 22.0 36.6 22 . 2 Total 185 .1 80 .1 164 .3 80.4 20 1
proportionally about the same for each plot . Future studies will tell us what fractions of this biomass are attributable to variou s nutrient substances ; that is, what the chemical constitution of these small mammal bodies is . We can already make preliminary estimate s of energy flow through these small mamma l populations. The initial energy source for ecosystems is sunlight. It is fixed by green plants and may be passed to populations of plant - eating animals. Within animal population s energy is used in respiration and tissue production and may also be passed on to othe r (predatory) animal populations . Much less energy is expended in tissue production tha n respiration . We can combine published data on the caloric value of animal tissue and on smal l mammal metabolic rates with our estimates o f biomass and information on populatio n dynamics to estimate the energy consumed i n tissue production and respiration for ou r small mammal populations . The energy incorporated in tissue production, for small mammals, has been estimate d to average 1 .5 kcal/gm (Gorecki 1965) . Th e energy expended by the animal in its dail y activity-the metabolic rate-varies by species . The values used in our calculations are given in table 3 . We do not as yet have a detailed knowledg e of the dynamics of these small mammal populations. However, we now know enough t o establish upper and lower limits of energ y Table 3 .-Metabolic rates used in calculating the energy expended in respiration by small mammal s Species Cal/gm/day Authority Sorex trowbridgei 806 Pearson (1948 ) S. vagrans 920 Pearson (1948), Gebczyski (1965 ) Neurotrichus gibbsi 800 Authors' estimate Microtus oregoni 500 Estimate based on value fo r red-backed vole (Pearson 1947) Peromyscus maniculatus 440 McNab (1963) Table 4.-Estimated energy flow (respiration + tissue production ) through small mammal population s (kcal per hectare per year ) Species Minimum Maximu m Sorex trowbridgei 5,250 15,75 0 S_ vagrans 3,470 7,42 0 Neurotrichus gibbsi 2,760 6,81 0 Microtus oregoni 4,300 6,43 0 Peromyscus maniculatus 4,450 6,86 0 Total 20,230 43,27 0 202
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 155 and 156: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234: The important interaction between l
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244: 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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