PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosystems-A symposium . Bellingham, Washington-March 23-24, 197 2 Small mammal and bird populations on Thompson site, Cedar River : parameters for modeling Sterling Miller, Curtis W . Erickson, Richard D . Taber, and Carl H . Nellis College of Forest Resource s University of Washingto n Seattle, Washingto n Abstract Preliminary estimates of small mammal and bird populations on the Thompson site in the Cedar Rive r watershed were made from 1969 to 1971 . Mammal populations were estimated through a kill-trap grid, and bird populations through systematic direct observations . The small mammal fauna, notably rich in insectivorou s forms, has as its most abundant members Trowbridge shrew (Sorex trowbridgei), vagrant shrew (Sorex vagrans) , shrew-mole (Neurotrichus gibbsi), Oregon vole (Microtus oregoni), and deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus) . Bird populations differed between summer and winter. In the summer the most abundant species wer e Swainson's thrush (Hylocichla ustulata), winter wren (Troglodytes troglodytes), Oregon junco (Junco oreganus) , black-throated gray warbler (Dendroica nigrescens), chestnut-backed chickadee (Parus rufescens), brown-heade d cowbird (Molothrus ater), and MacGillivray's warbler (Oporornis tolmiei) . In winter only two birds were common: winter wren and golden-crowned kinglet (Regulus satrapa). For these species estimates were obtaine d for abundance, biomass and, for the mammals, energy flow . Introduction This paper represents a first step in providin g the information on terrestrial vertebrate s which will be needed in the development o f ecosystem models for the Western Coniferou s Forest Biome . It covers the initial investigations on small mammal and bird populations , which have centered on the Thompson site of the Cedar River watershed, King County, Wash - ington . Consideration is given to methodology , results in terms of species populations, ecological role, biomass and energy, and the desirable directions for further investigations . The Thompson site consists of a second - growth Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) forest about 60-70 years old, on Barnesto n soils formed from glacial outwashes . Elevations vary from 210-310 meters . There are small variations in ecological conditions with - in the forest, as indicated by differences i n the understory vegetation . Every biotic community is composed o f individual species, and these must be identified and studied individually in building u p knowledge concerning the whole . Schwarz (1967, p. 225-226) outlines our task and it s difficulties as follows : In order to determine the role of the species in the energy metabolism of the ecosystem, we must, first of all, determin e with the necessary reliability the following parameters of the population : th e absolute numbers of animals ; their biomass; the structure of the populatio n (because the intensity of the matter an d energy metabolism of animals of different weight, sex, age, physiologica l 199
condition differ) ; the turnover rate o f the population, and the intensity o f metabolism of different groups of animals . . . Whilst it is not difficult to estimate the intensity of metabolism of certain species in a calorimetric chamber, i t is practically impossible to estimate the loss of energy by a bat, a mole, or a dolphin in the process of their natura l life activity . In the light of these considerations we wil l examine our preliminary data and, through a comparison of actual and needful information, delineate the work still to be done . Small Mammal Studies Since small mammals are generally inconspicuous, and do not make readily detectable signs, the determination of species presence and especially population density is widely recognized as a difficult problem . The most commonly used method fo r estimating population densities in smal l mammals is to capture, mark, and release a sample, and then capture a second sampl e containing both marked and unmarked individuals . Several underlying assumption s (Leslie 1952) are : all individuals have equa l probabilities of capture, released individual s disperse randomly into the populations, an d there is no mortality, natality, or significan t ingress or egress during the experimenta l period . Since these assumptions were not war - ranted in our case, and since we needed to collect specimens for data on weight, foo d habits, and reproduction, we considered intensive removal methods . Grodzinski et al . (1966) proposed such a method for IBP smal l mammal studies. They suggested intensive kill-trapping following a prebaiting period on a defined grid of locations . This provided data for an estimation procedure in which a regression line, plotted for the number of animals caught each day (on the ordinate axis) against the cumulative number previously caught , would provide an estimate of populatio n density (the point where the regression line intersected the abscissa) . Earlier work on this approach was that of DeLury (1947), Hayn e (1949), and Zippin (1958) . The major flaw in the method of Grodzinski et al. (1966) is that it gives no accurat e estimate of the area sampled by the grid, be - cause the small mammals move some unknown distance to the trapping point . Sinc e the area sampled is not defined, populatio n densities cannot be determined . Adamczyk and Ryszkowski (1968) suggested that the sample grid be surrounded o n each side by an external belt of trapping locations to catch animals moving toward th e inner grid before they could reach it, thereb y controlling the "periphery effect ." The data provided by the external trappin g belt cannot be used, because the distance travelled by each animal before being caught is highly variable (Miller 1970) . Adamczyk and Ryszkowski (1968) recommend a 5-day prebaiting period to accusto m the mammals to the trap locations, followe d by a 5-day period of removal trapping . Their basic assumptions are : (1) all residents of the inner grid are captured, (2) prebaiting does not increase the resident density, and (3) individuals not resident on the inner grid are no t captured on the inner grid ; immigrants and individuals resident in the outer grid will b e captured, if at all, in the outer grid . Of these three assumptions, we could tes t only the second . Adopting a 5-day prebaiting period, we ran pairs of trap-lines-one pre - baited and one control-in each case . Total catches over 5 days were not different, though prebaited lines took a higher proportion of the catch on the first day (Mille r 1970) . This finding corroborates that o f Babinska and Bock (1969), who showed tha t prebaiting did not significantly increase th e density of resident small mammals . Our trapping procedure was as follows : a 5 .94-ha (12 .4-acre) sample area was divide d into 256 stations, 16 rows by 16 lines, wit h 15 .2-meter spacing . Anchored at each statio n was a paper plate which was baited with oatmeal, millet, sunflower seeds, oats, and wheat for 5 days . Then the remaining bait was removed and two mouse traps were placed on each plate, one trap baited with a peanut butter-bacon grease mixture, and the other 200
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 143 and 144: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234: The important interaction between l
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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