PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Table 7.-Names, foraging strata, and consumer roles of birds of th e Thompson site, Cedar River watershed, Washingto n Scientific name Common name Foraging Consumer stratum' role 2 Bombycilla cedrorum Cedar waxwing C I° Bonasa umbellus Ruffed grouse L,G,S,C I° Bubo virginianus Great homed owl G II° Colaptes cater Red-shafted flicker G,C II° Columba fasciata Band-tailed pigeon L,S,C I° Corvus brachyrhynchos Common crow G II° Corvus corax Common raven G II ° Dendragopus obscurus Blue grouse L,G,S,C I° Dendrocopos villosus Hairy woodpecker S,C II° Dendroica nigrescens Black-throated gray warbler S,C II° Empidonax spp . Empidonax flycatchers S,C II° Hylocichla ustulata Swainson's thrush L,G II° Ixereus naevius Varied thrush L,G II° Junco oreganus Oregon junco L,G I ° Loxia curvirostra Red crossbill C I° Molothrus ater Brown-headed cowbird G I° Oporornis tolmiei MacGillivray's warbler S,C II° Parus rufescens Chestnut-backed chickadee S,C II° Passerella iliaca Fox sparrow G I° Perisoreus canadensis Gray jay G,C II ° Pipilo erythrophthalmus Rufous-sided towhee G I ° Piranga ludoviciana Western tanager S,C I ° Regulus calendula Ruby-crowned kinglet C II ° Regulus satrapa Golden-crowned kinglet C II ° Selasphorus rufus Rufous hummingbird G,S I ° Sitta canadensis Red-breasted nuthatch S,C II ° Sphyrapicus varius Yellow-bellied sapsucker S,C I ° Spinus pinus Pine siskin C I ° Troglodytes troglodytes Winter wren G,S II ° Turdus migratorius Robin L,G II ° Vermivora celata Orange-crowned warbler S,C II ° Vireo gilvus Warbling vireo S,C II° B = soil layer ; L = litter layer ; G = ground layer, under 1 foot ; S = shrub layer, 1 to 6 feet ; C = crown layer , area occupied by living crowns of forest overstory . 2 1° = primary consumer, eats mostly plant material ; II° = secondary consumer, eats mostly animal matter . 20 5
Further Studies The data provided for small mammal populations will be more useful if we are able t o make more accurate population density estimates and if we determine the yearly, seasonal, and geographical fluctuations in density. Further, a more detailed understanding of population dynamics will permit a more accurate estimate of energy flow, and set the stage for studies of uptake, storage , and loss of chemical materials by smal l mammal populations . Of course, the same sort of informatio n must be obtained for the large mammals , which include several important primary consumers. For large mammals the role of movement must be studied, since seasonal movements entail a translocation of materials, an d patterns of mortality provide loci of nutrien t release . For birds the study of movements will also be important, since long-distance annua l migrations provide a potential mechanism for the annual loss of materials from the ecosystem . A prime consideration in all such studie s will be the establishment of confidence limits for the data, and estimates of additiona l sampling necessary for results of a stipulate d level of accuracy . Then we will be in a position to respond to the needs of modeling in a realistic way with regard to the actual field o r laboratory work which provision of any particular piece of information will require . In addition to these inventories of vertebrate animals in the forest ecosystem, we will seek an understanding of the effects that animal populations may have on the populations of plants which constitute their food , i.e ., the control function exerted by animal s over plant populations. A knowledge of suc h relations, properly quantified, will help pro - vide the basis for models of the dynamics o f plant populations . Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Department of Game, State of Washington ; Institute of Forest Products, University of Washington ; Ecology Training Grant from the Nationa l Science Foundation to the Zoology Department, University of Washington ; and by National Science Foundation Grant No . GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome , U .S. Analysis of Ecosystems, Internationa l Biological Program . This is Contribution No . 36 to the Coniferous Forest Biome, IBP . We also wish to thank the personnel of the Cedar River watershed and the Seattle Water Department for their assistance and cooperatio n throughout the study . Literature Cited Adamczyk, K ., and L . Ryszkowski. 1968 . Estimation of the density of a rodent popu - lation using stained bait. Acta Ther . 13(17) : 295-311 . Babinska, J ., and E . Bock. 1969 . The effect of prebaiting on capture of rodents . Act a Ther. 14(19) : 267-270 . De Lury, D . B . 1947 . On the estimation o f biological populations. Biometrics 3 : 145-167 . Gebczynski, M . 1965 . Seasonal and age changes in the metabolism and activity o f Sorex araneus L . Acta Ther. 10(22) : 303-331 . Gorecki, A. 1965 . Energy values of body in small mammals . Acta Ther . 10(23) : 333-352 . Grodzinski, W ., Z. Pucek, and L . Ryszkowski . 1966. Estimation of rodent numbers b y means of prebaiting and intensive removal . Acta Ther . 11(10) : 297-314 . Hayne, D . W. 1949 . Two methods for estimating population from trapping records . J . Mammalogy 30(4) : 399-411 . Leslie, P. H. 1952. The estimation of population parameters from data obtained by means of the capture-recapture method. II . The estimation of total numbers . Biometrika 39(3&4): 363-388 . McNab, B . K. 1963 . A model of the energy budget of a wild mouse . Ecology 44(3) : 521-532 . 206
Page 1 and 2:
PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
Page 3 and 4:
Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
Page 5 and 6:
Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
Page 7 and 8:
Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
Page 9 and 10:
Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 11 and 12:
directly, to solution of major natu
Page 13 and 14:
4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
Page 15 and 16:
where validation studies could be c
Page 17 and 18:
have been developed . Prior to thei
Page 19 and 20:
of gross production and respiration
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
Page 23 and 24:
Nutrient levels in stream and lake
Page 25 and 26:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 27 and 28:
inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
Page 29 and 30:
was slightly raised in 1902, the la
Page 31 and 32:
climate, surrounding terrestrial en
Page 33 and 34:
more similar than between the diffe
Page 35 and 36:
The net rate of primary production
Page 37 and 38:
community structure and energy flo
Page 39 and 40:
est adapted organism vacillates bet
Page 41 and 42:
U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
Page 43 and 44:
successful . Thus we can see modeli
Page 45 and 46:
of the external quantities of S wou
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
Page 49 and 50:
subsystems as objects . In addition
Page 51 and 52:
several models together to form the
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
The study areas are located at seve
Page 57 and 58:
K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
Page 59 and 60:
An alternative way of considering i
Page 61 and 62:
Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
Page 63 and 64:
d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 65 and 66:
Calibration of Parameter s In gener
Page 67 and 68:
model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70:
Usually, we are interested in the o
Page 71 and 72:
LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
Page 73 and 74:
the watershed. The hydrologic model
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
considered as part of another food
Page 79 and 80:
PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
Page 81 and 82:
Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
Page 83 and 84:
ful in regions with relatively unif
Page 85 and 86:
epresents the basic linkages betwee
Page 87 and 88:
Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
Page 89 and 90:
vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92:
Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94:
Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96:
Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98:
Here v is the volume of water cross
Page 99 and 100:
2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
Page 101 and 102:
.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108:
Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110:
Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114:
Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116:
2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118:
Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122:
0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
Page 123 and 124:
_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126:
0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128:
8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130:
water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136:
Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138:
of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140:
Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142:
through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148:
1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 155 and 156: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234: The important interaction between l
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244: 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248: may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254:
extracted was determined by the wei
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260:
Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262:
studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264:
permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266:
insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268:
Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270:
stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272:
S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274:
ingestion variation between individ
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280:
volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282:
fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284:
18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286:
a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292:
Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294:
during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
Page 295 and 296:
greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298:
2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
Page 299 and 300:
detectable increase in concentratio
Page 301 and 302:
in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304:
Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306:
targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308:
This program will automatically cal
Page 309:
The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
show all

PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?