PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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flow for these species by using data on reproduction, seasonal population density and growth of young (Miller 1970) . These estimates are given in table 4 . If necessary, we can strive for more accuracy in future estimates through a more detailed knowledge -o f the dynamics of these populations . The role and foraging stratum of mammal s in the forest ecosystem can be roughly categorized as shown in table 5. Secondary consumers are relatively numerous in the small mammal populations pointing to the abundance of their invertebrate foods in the litter and soil of the forest . In categorizing such roles, we must recognize that the primary consumers do on occasion eat other animals, and that the secondar y consumers do eat plants . It remains for us t o delineate in more detail the nature of th e seasonal diet for each species, as well as the rates of consumption, and the amounts an d composition of the excretory products . Table 5 .-Names, foraging strata, and consumer roles of mammals o f the Thompson site, Cedar River watershed, Washington Scientific name Common name Foraging stratum Consumer role' Canis latrans Coyote G II ° Cervus canadensis Elk (wapiti) G,S I ° Chiroptera Bats C II° Eutamias townsendi Townsend's chipmunk G,S I° Lepus americanus Snowshoe hare G,S I° Lynx rufus Bobcat G II° Microtus oregoni Oregon vole G I° Mustela erminea Shorttail weasel G II ° Mustela frenata Longtail weasel G II ° Neotoma cinerea Bushytail woodrat G,S I ° Neurotrichus gibbsi Shrew-mole B,L II ° Odocoileus hemionus Black-tailed deer G,S I ° Peromyscus maniculatus Deer mouse L,G I ° Sorex trowbridgei Trowbridge shrew L II° Sorex vagrans Vagrant shrew L II° Tamiasciurus douglasi Chickaree G,S,C I° Ursus americanus Black bear L,G,S I° Zapus trinotatus Jumping mouse G I° 1 B = soil layer ; L = litter layer ; G = ground layer, under 1 foot ; S = shrub layer, 1 to 6 feet ; C = crown layer , area occupied by living crowns of forest overstory . 21° = primary consumer, eats mostly plant material ; II° = secondary consumer, eats mostly animal matter . 20 3
Bird Studies The forest birds were sampled both summer and winter on a 6 .0-ha plot chosen t o represent the Thompson site . This plot was divided into fifteen 0 .4-ha sample units on a map of the whole plot . A series of transect s was made through the whole plot on each sample day by Erickson who noted each bird observation by location and species . Durin g the summer sample period (May and June) , many breeding males were singing, whic h facilitated their detection . During the winter observation period (December), there had t o be more dependence on sight than sound . Five days of observation were spent at eac h season, and all observations took place during mornings when there was no heavy rain. Th e results for the two seasons are given in table 6 . Some less common, but in some case s rather large birds, are also found on th e Thompson site . During the coming year we will be able to make population estimates of these species, adding substantially to our total estimate of bird biomass . The contrast between summer and winte r populations is much sharper for birds than fo r small mammals . This has implications for ecosystem modeling, since some birds reproduc e on the Thompson site but winter elsewhere , presumably suffering some mortality, an d thus constituting a one-way movement o f energy and nutrients out of the Thompso n site . From a knowledge of body weights w e have calculated the biomass of common bird s on the Thompson site by season (table 6) . Energy-flow estimates for these bird populations cannot yet be made because neithe r population estimates of the larger birds no r annual cycles of abundance of each bird species are yet available for the Thompson site . This must be one of our next topics of study . The role and foraging stratum of birds is roughly categorized in table 7. As in the case of small mammals, some of these birds shif t seasonally in their consumer-roles . A diet of invertebrates is essential for the young of al l species. Also, shifts in the relative abundanc e of available food will presumably be reflecte d in food habits . These are also topics on which more work must be done . Table 6.-Abundance (number per 100 hectares) and biomass (grams per hectare) of the most common birds by species and seaso n Species Abundance Biom as s Summer Winter Summer Winter Molothrus ater 26 0 11 .4 0 Junco oreganus 43 0 9.9 0 Troglodytes troglodytes 36 33 3.5 3 . 1 Hylocichla ustulata 16 0 5.8 0 Dendroica nigrescens 43 0 4.5 0 Parus rufescens 23 0 2.3 0 Regulus satrapa 0 33 0 2 . 0 Oporornis tolmiei 26 0 1 .6 0 Total 213 66 39.0 5 .1 204
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 155 and 156: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197: proportionally about the same for e
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234: The important interaction between l
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244: 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248: may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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