PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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Table 3 .-Net kg per hectare per year of nutrients collected in throughfall gages ++ Mg++ Item N P K + Ca Input from atmosphere ) 1 .298 0 .232 0 .106 2 .085 1 .27 3 Throughfall input : Plot 1 3 .999 2 .308 17 .416 5 .983 2.608 2 2 .979 2 .398 15 .749 4 .438 2 .08 6 3 3 .729 2 .970 30 .350 2 .134 1 .45 6 4 2 .710 3.283 23 .379 5 .104 2 .34 3 Average 3 .354 2 .740 21 .724 4 .416 2 .123 1 Fredriksen unpublished data-data collected from open area on the H . J . <strong>Andrews</strong> <strong>Experimental</strong> Fores t at 610 meters . Table 4 .-Distribution of metric tons/hectare between litter components by plo t Plot 1 2 3 4 5a 5b 1 6 Average 2 Needles 2 .002 2 .246 2 .950 3 .200 2 .533 2 .533 3 .741 2 .77 7 Percent of total 32 .84 35 .56 46 .44 62 .30 15 .17 55 .91 54 .10 47 .1 5 Reproductiv e structures .834 1 .141 1 .284 .742 .536 .536 .518 .74 3 Percent of total 13 .68 18 .06 20.22 14 .46 3 .20 11 .83 7 .49 14 .3 1 Wood material 2 .280 2 .760 1 .876 1 .009 13 .479 1 .267 2 .524 1 .95 3 Percent of total 37 .40 43 .68 29 .53 19 .66 80 .74 27 .96 36 .50 33.1 4 Hardwoods and mosses 1 .022 .175 .401 .197 .195 .195 .206 .36 5 Percent of total 16 .77 2 .77 6 .32 3 .84 1 .17 4 .30 2 .98 6 .2 0 Total 6 .138 6 .317 6 .512 5 .131 16 .694 4.530 6 .916 5 .89 1 Note : In plot 5, an extremely large slab of bark from a nearby snag fell into a trap causing high values for tota l tons/hectare . Over a longer period of time, this type of variation between litter components can be expected to occur randomly throughout each plot . However, due to the limited sampling time thus far recorded, the one extreme value will be temporarily ignored . 1 Excluding extreme bark sample . 2 Excluding 5a . 138
of the nitrogen was not determined. However , Jones suggested that it could be washed to th e ground . Litterfall Dat a Despite the differences in stand characteristics shown in table 1, little variation in total litter production was found among stands fo r the year 1970-71 (table 4) . Average yearl y litterfall production for all plots was 5 .8 9 metric tons/hectare . This is approximately 1 % times the average 3 .5 metric tons per hectare reported by Bray and Gorham (1964) fo r cool, temperate forests, but closer to the yiel d they reported for a latitude comparable t o their study area (fig . 1). From worldwid e data, these authors reported that nonlea f litter averaged from 27 percent to 31 percent of total litter production . The stands reported here averaged 47 percent nonleaf (woody ) litter for the 1-year period . In terms of total kg/hectare of litter, the vast majority fell during the winter (fig . 3) . This is the period when snowfall is greatest , consequently much litter breaks under th e 1600 1400 1200 weight of the snow . Needle cast was greatest in the fall, decreasing during the winter, an d gradually increasing during spring . Hardwoo d and moss litter was greatest in the fall, de - creasing throughout the rest of the year . Woody material and cone litterfall was greatest during the winter. Nutrient concentration of litterfall components varied considerably among plots an d seasons (table 5). Plots 1 and 3 were chosen to represent the range of values that can be found in nutrient return through litterfall . There appears to be no consistent trend b y season or plot for the litter component concentrations. However, average yearly concentrations of each nutrient for each litter clas s are comparable between plots 1 and 3 . There is a substantial difference between tota l kg/hectare for N, P, K +, and Ca++ betwee n plots (table 6). Plot 1 had more kg of Ca ++ per hectare than did plot 3 . Plot 3 had greate r amounts of N, P, and K + than did plot 1 . Little difference occurred among plots fo r Mg++ The greatest portion of nutrient inpu t through litterfall came in the needles (tabl e 7). Needle litterfall contributed about 54 per - cent of the total nutrient input . Cone litterfall accounted for 13 percent while twig litterfall accounted for 11 percent of the total . Together, the needle, cone, and twig litterfall account for 78 percent of the total nutrien t input through litterfall . Litterfall Discussio n 40 0 200 Figure 3 . Average kg per hectare by season and litter component . Variations in nutrient concentration foun d between litterfall components among plot s and season can be expected if foliage characteristics such as age and species are no t constant . We also observed that the age of th e tissue, and when it falls, varies throughout th e year for each plot. This is primarily due to environmental parameters such as win d action, rainstorms, and snowfall . Difference s in soil types could also have affected concentrations . Differences between total nutrient inpu t through litterfall (table 6) are affected by th e distribution of litter components within th e total. Where two plots seem to produce corn - 139
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
Page 85 and 86: epresents the basic linkages betwee
Page 87 and 88: Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
Page 89 and 90: vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94: Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96: Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98: Here v is the volume of water cross
Page 99 and 100: 2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
Page 101 and 102: .0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 103 and 104: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 105 and 106: ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108: Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110: Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114: Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116: 2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118: Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120: Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122: 0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
Page 123 and 124: _3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126: 0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128: 8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130: water is dominant because flowing w
Page 133 and 134: Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135: Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 139 and 140: Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142: through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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