PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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a number of very sophisticated studies o f nutrient movement through Douglas-fir ecosystems in Washington . All of the above studies, save that of Tar - rant et al ., however, were concerned with litterfall and nutrient movement through relatively young stands . Several studies (LeClerc and Breazeal e 1908, Mes 1954, Tukey and Amling 1958 , and Tukey et al . 1958) have demonstrated that rainfall may remove substantial quantities of nutrient elements from the foliage of horticultural plants . Similarly, studies of th e elemental content of precipitation under forest stands (Tamm 1951, Madgwick an d Ovington 1959, Will 1959, and Voigt 1960 ) have demonstrated that rainwater which ha s passed through tree crowns ( "throughfall") contains significantly higher quantities o f many nutrient elements than rainfall collected in adjacent openings . In the Pacific Northwest, studies reporte d by Rahman (1964), Tarrant et al . (1968) and Cole and Gessel (1968) have yielded data which describe the movement of nutrient s from the atmosphere and tree crowns to th e forest floor by precipitation . Finally, unpublished data by Lavender describe the movement of nutrients from the crowns of both fertilized and control second-growth Douglas-fir stands to the forest floor by precipitation . The purpose of the present study was to measure the movement of nutrients in canop y throughfall and litterfall in several associatio n types of old-growth Douglas-fir stands . These community types were selected to represent the range of environments occurring on the H . J. Andrews Experimental Forest and are also indigenous to the Pacific Northwest. This paper will report on the results of our efforts to date . Study Area The H . J. Andrews Experimental Forest en - compasses 15,000 acres and is characterize d by steep topography with approximately one - fifth of its land area in gentle slopes o r benches. Elevations within the forest vary from 457 m to more than 1,523 m . Precipitation is heavy, varying from 226 cm per year a t lower elevations to as much as 356 cm per year along the highest ridges. A considerable snowpack develops on the higher slopes while rai n predominates at the lower elevations. Mean temperatures within the forest range fro m 35°F in January to 65°F in midsummer (Berntsen and Rothacher 1959) . Methods Within the Experimental Forest, six communities were chosen (table 1), each name d for characteristic plants in both the overstory and understory . The six old-growth communities are presented in order of increasing elevation. Each of the six plots are 0 .2024 hectare in size and are equipped with eight litter traps ; each is 2,601 cm 2 in area, located on a random basis in each plot . Litter was collected every 4 to 6 weeks during the snow - free months of 1970-71 . Heavy snow pack prevented litter collection during much of th e winter of 1970 . Therefore, data describing nutrient movement in the litter for this perio d are weak because : (1) the necessarily infrequent collections do not permit accurat e assessment of the rate of litterfall, and (2) lit - ter which remained in the traps for lon g periods was subjected to leaching . The following fall, three litter traps on each plot wer e equipped with a 113-liter reservoir to collec t the precipitation which passed over the litter . Analysis of this water will provide a measure of the nutrients leached from the litter . Crown and stem maps were made for each plot to aid in evaluating the variation of litter - fall between traps . After collection the litter for each trap wa s dried at 70°C, separated into classes (needles , cones, twigs, branches, hardwoods, bark, lichens and mosses), and weighed. Prior to chemical analyses, litter from the eight litter traps per plot was composited into tw o samples, each representing four traps . In addition, some consolidation of litter collected on different dates was necessary . Each sample was analyzed to determine the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium an d 134
Table 1.-Characteristics of study plot s Plot Elevation PPT/ year Percent species composition ) Diameter range Average d .b.h . Basa l area 2 Stems / hectare meters centimeters - - - centimeters- - - 1 . Pseudotsuga- 457 211 .8 Psme 89 .3 11 - 163 46 .7 83 .06 27 7 Holodiscus Tsme 5 . 4 Tabr 3 . 6 Acci 1 . 7 2 . Tsuga- 488 228 .3 Psme 17 .0 8 - 139 37 .8 97 .55 494 Rhododendron- Tsme 69 . 0 Berberis Tabr 8 . 0 Thpl 5 . 0 Conu 1 . 0 3 . Tsuga- 762 230 .6 Psme 26 .5 10 - 213 68 .1 120 .87 168 Polystichum Tsme 61 . 8 Tabr 8 . 8 Thpl 2 . 9 4 . Tsuga - 610 229 .6 Psme 52 .8 8 - 157 34 .0 69 .77 45 0 Rhododendron - Tsme 23 . 1 Gaultheria Tabr 1 . 1 Thpl 19 . 8 Cach 2 . 2 Conu 1 . 1 5 . Tsuga-Abies- 975 Psme 16 .1 8 - 173 66 .3 129 .60 27 7 Linneae Tsme 46 . 4 Thpl 33 . 9 Tabr 3 . 6 6 . Abies- 1,311 Psme 46 .3 8 - 117 55 .4 109 .63 33 1 Tiarella Tsme 16 . 4 Abam Abpr 37 .3 1 Psme Pseudo tsuga menziesi i Tsme Tsuga mertensiana Tabr Taxus brevifolia Acci Acer circina turn Thpl Thuja plicat a Conu Cornus nutalli i Cach Castanopsis chrysophylla Abam Abies amabilis Abpr Abies procera 2 Square meters/hectare . 135
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
Page 81 and 82: Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
Page 83 and 84: ful in regions with relatively unif
Page 85 and 86: epresents the basic linkages betwee
Page 87 and 88: Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
Page 89 and 90: vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94: Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96: Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98: Here v is the volume of water cross
Page 99 and 100: 2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
Page 101 and 102: .0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 103 and 104: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 105 and 106: ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108: Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110: Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114: Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116: 2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118: Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120: Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122: 0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
Page 123 and 124: _3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126: 0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128: 8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130: water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 135 and 136: Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138: of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140: Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142: through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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