PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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+10 q A 0 -29 ~---o-- - D -A &A >. o"f I 0 0 o o FERTILIZE D q UNFERTILIZE D I I 1 1 q +37 o -~ -1 0 1 q + 1 9 o--> of 0 I 1 -10 0 +10 -10 APPARENT DISPLACEMENT, C M 0 (x) +10 Figure 4 . Apparent displacement of the tree boles in x and y (the horizontal plane) at various levels on th e sampled trees, from April to October : (A) at the base of the trees, (B) at the base of the live crowns, (C) a t an intracrown whorl, (D) at the base of the April leader (based on data from table 2 in West and Allen 1971) . 172
trees indicates that the coordinate system wa s surveyed across the intervening distance between the two plots (about 20 m) with negligible error in this plane. If the data are adjusted for the horizontal error in relocation of the coordinate system origin, then the displacement error is quite small, and it must b e conceded that remeasurement of the horizontal angles to the trees has been achieve d with a fair degree of success, despite the 3 0 turning points used in accomplishing th e survey . Two explanations may be suggested for th e increasing scatter of points in the horizontal plane with increasing height on the tree , shown on figure 4B, C, and D. First, it may be assumed that surveying errors have increase d with increasing elevation of lines-of-site, or second, it may be assumed that the positio n of the boles are less stable in the horizontal plane at higher levels on the tree . Since point locations in the horizontal plane are calculated from horizontal angles, irrespective of angles of elevation, there is no reason t o assume that surveying errors should increas e in relation to elevation. It follows therefore that errors in the location of points in th e horizontal plane at any elevation might b e equal to, but should not exceed, the errors in location of the base of the trees in this plane . It follows in turn that the apparent horizonta l displacement of points on the upper boles of these trees must be a true displacement . The pattern is consistent with what would b e expected as a result of movement of the trees by wind . Figure 5 is a set of graphs of the apparent displacement of z (the vertical plane, or elevation) for the same defined points on the bol e that are shown on figure 4, respectively . These show a considerable scatter in th e apparent vertical displacement at the base o f the live crown, moderate scatter in apparen t vertical displacement at the intracrown whorl , and again a relatively close clustering of apparent displacement at the base of the April leader . This pattern of variation may be attributed to relative differences in the difficulty o f identifying the defined points with respect to elevation. This difficulty is more or less inherent in the definition of the points ; that is to say that "at or near the duff or ground line" is less definitive than is "the centroid of the branch whorl," whereas the topmos t whorl (base of the leader) is the smallest an d most definitive of the defined points. The differences in vertical scatter of points for th e base of the live crowns and for the intracrow n whorl may be attributed to errors of approximating the exact elevational location of th e latter through obscuring branches and foliage . These inconsistencies of identification hav e important implications with regard to measurement of length relations, such as the tota l height of trees or the ratio of bole length t o length of live crown (although, of course, th e significance of the implication is determine d by the magnitude of the dimensions and th e special purpose for which the relations ar e being measured) . It was observed above that the apparent displacement of defined points on the unfertilized and the fertilized trees were reasonably well interspersed with respect to the horizontal plane . With respect to elevation, how - ever, the data exhibit systematic tendencie s that require explanation . Specifically, figure 5B shows a seemingly strong tendency toward a positive apparent displacement of about 6 or 7 cm for the base of live crowns on th e fertilized trees, while the apparent displacement of this point on the unfertilized trees appears to be randomly dispersed about zero . A possible explanation is that a vertical error was committed in extending the coordinat e system across the distance (approximatel y 20 m) between the two groups of trees . However, if this were the case, then the sam e apparent vertical displacement must occur a t all other levels on the fertilized trees ; if it does not, then its absence from other level s must be accounted for . The data for the intracrown whorl (fig. 5C), though somewhat more scattered than the data for the base o f live crown, do indeed suggest a similar disparity between central tendencies for the tw o groups of trees, but a similar disparity is no t obvious at the base of the trees (fig . 5A), nor at the base of the April leaders (fig . 5D) . It may be that for the base of the tree, the disparity is simply obscured by the scatter of the 173
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118: Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120: Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122: 0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
Page 123 and 124: _3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126: 0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128: 8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130: water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 133 and 134: Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136: Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138: of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140: Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142: through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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