PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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Forested surfaces are generally considere d to be effective energy exchange surfaces . Th e results confirm that this young stand has a high absorptivity for solar radiation, with a n albedo of 0 .09 for both clear and overcas t conditions . This high absorptivity contribute s to the large net radiation values that wer e measured under clear skies . The role of the forest in dissipating the net radiation is of particular interest. The porous , aerodynamically rough canopy is effective i n transferring sensible and latent energy into the atmosphere . The large quantity of forest biomass may also involve an amount of store d thermal energy that is of significance durin g short periods, even though the daily totals are small . Summed over a 24-hour period, evapotranspiration was about 280 cal/cm 2 min (0 . 5 cm water equivalent) or about two-thirds o f the net radiation that was transformed unde r clear skies . Evapotranspiration was relativel y larger on an overcast day, about three - quarters of net radiation, although the tota l amount of latent energy (102 cal/cm2 min, or 0.18 cm water equivalent) was considerably lower . These results provide initial estimates o f the amounts of energy transferred during extreme conditions under cloudless and unde r overcast skies . The exchange of energy an d mass depends not only upon the energy inpu t to the forest, however, but also upon the physiological response of the vegetation . No w that the instrumentation system and the analysis model have been tested at this site , subsequent research will include a range of environmental conditions . Instrumentation development and model testing will continue in cooperation with the lysimeter installatio n and eddy flux system of cooperating investigators . Ultimately, analysis and interpretatio n of the energy transfer studies must include physiological as well as physical characteristics of the stand . Acknowledgments The work upon which this publication i s based was supported in part by funds provided by the U .S. Department of Interior, Office of Water Resources Research, as authorized under the Water Resources Re - search Act of 1964, and administered by th e Water Resources Research Institute, Orego n State University ; and the National Scienc e Foundation Grant No . GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome, U .S. Analysis o f Ecosystems, International Biological Program . This is Contribution No . 40 to the Coniferous Forest Biome and Paper 844, Forest Researc h Laboratory, School of Forestry, Oregon State University . Literature Cited Baumgartner, A. 1956 . Investigations on th e heat- and water economy of a young forest. Translated from Ber . Deut . Wetterdienst 5 : 4-53 . Commonwealth Sci. & Ind. Res . Organ . Translation 3760, Melbourne , Australia, 1958 . 1965. The heat, water and car - bon dioxide budget of plant cover : methods and measurements . In F. E . Eckardt (ed.), Methodology of plant eco-physiology: Proceedings of the Montpellie r Symposium, p. 495-512 . Paris: UNESCO . 1971 . Wald als Austauschfakto r in der Grenzschicht Erde/Atmosphare . Forstwiss. Cbl. 3: 174-182 . Black, T. A., and K. G. McNaughton . 1971 . Psychrometric apparatus for Bowen-ratio determination over forests . Bound . Laye r Meteorol . 2 : 246-254 . Bowen, I. S. 1926 . The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from an y water surface . Phys. Rev . 27 : 779-787 . Denmead, O. T. 1969 . Comparative micro - meteorology of a wheat field and a fores t of Pinus radiata . Agric. Meteorol. 6 : 357-371 . Federer, C. A. 1970. Measuring forest evapotranspiration-theory and problems . USDA Forest Serv . Res . Pap . NE-165, 25 p . Northeast. Forest Exp . Stn ., Upper Darby , Pa . Fritschen, L . J. 1965 . Accuracy of evapotranspiration determinations by the Bowe n ratio method . Bull. Int. Assoc . Sci. Hydrol . 10: 38-48 . 252
1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteorological methods of estimation as applied to forests . In J . M. Powell and C . F. Nolasco (eds .), Proceedings of the Third Forest Microclimate Symposium, p. 8-27 . Can. For. Serv ., Calgary, Alberta. 1972. The lysimeter installation on the Cedar River Watershed . In Jerry F . Franklin, L. J. Dempster, and Richard H . Waring (eds.), Proceedings-research on coniferous forest ecosystems-a symposium, p. 255-260, illus . Pac. Northwes t Forest & Range Exp . Stn ., Portland, Oreg. Galoux, A., G . Schnock, and J . Grulois . 1967 . Les installations ecoclimatologiques . Travaux Stat . Rech . Eaux et Forets , Groenendaal-Hoeilaart, S4rie A, 12, 52 p . Gay, L. W. (n .d.) On the construction and use of ceramic-wick psychrometers . In R. W . Brown and B . P. Van Haveren (eds .) , Psychrometry in water relations research . Utah Agric . Exp. Stn. (In press . ) Grulois, J. 1968 . Flux thermiques et evapotranspiration au tours d 'une journ4e sereine . Bull. Soc . r. Botanique Belg . 102 : 27-41 . Lourence, F. J ., and W. O. Pruitt . 1969 . A psychrometer system for micrometeoro l o gy profile determination. J. Appl . Meteorol . 8: 492-498 . Monteith, J. L., and G. Szeicz. 1961. Th e radiation balance of bare soil and vegetation. Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc. 87 : 159-170 . Rauner, Yu. L. 1960 . The heat balance of forests. Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Geograficheskaya. 1 : 49-59 . Translated by Israel Prog. Sci. Transl. No. 1342 . U .S . Dep. Commerce, Washington, D .C . Stewart, J . B. 1971. The albedo of a pine forest. Quart. J. Roy . Meteorol. Soc. 97 : 561-564 . Storr, D., J . Tomlain, H . F . Cork, and R . E . Munn. 1970. An energy budget study above the forest canopy at Marmot Creek , Alberta, 1967 . Water Resour . Res. 6 : 705-716 . Tanner, C . B. 1960. Energy balance approac h to evapotranspiration from crops . Soil Sci . Soc . Am . Proc . 24: 1-9 . 1963 . Basic instrumentation an d measurements for plant environment an d micrometeorology . Soils Bull . 6, various pagination . Madison : Univ . Wis . Tajchman, S . J. 1971 . Evapotranspiration an d energy balances of forest and field. Water Resour. Res . 7: 511-523 . 253
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
Page 25 and 26:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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Page 55 and 56:
The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 65 and 66:
Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70:
Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92:
Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94:
Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96:
Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98:
Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 219 and 220: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234: The important interaction between l
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243: 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 247 and 248: may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254: extracted was determined by the wei
Page 257 and 258: I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266: insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268: Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270: stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272: S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274: ingestion variation between individ
Page 277 and 278: contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280: volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282: fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284: 18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286: a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 289 and 290: Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292: Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294: during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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