PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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tion rates in plants has been previously demonstrated' 2 (Kline et al . 1970) . The theory itself has been discussed extensively b y Bergner (1961, 1964a, 1964b, 1965, 1966) , Zierler (1964), Ljunggren (1967), and Orr and Gillespie (1964) . Transpiration measurement s depend upon use of the Stewart-Hamilto n equation shown by equation 1 : M = F f 0 - f(t)dt , (1 ) where M = total activity of tritium initially injected (disintegrations pe r minute, DPM) , F = the flow rate of water throug h the tree (ml/hour x tree) , f(t) = activity distribution of tritiu m at the points of exit from th e system (DPM/ml), and t = time (hr) . Equation 1 states simply that the product of the flow rate (F) and the total integral of the curve of activity versus time (fig. 1) is equal to the total activity of the tracer whic h was originally injected . In practice the activity-time curve is measured experimentally and the total activity injected is fixed by the experimenter . The flow rate (F ) is the only unknown quantity in equation 1 and is solved algebraically . The value of F is the daily flow rate which is averaged over day - time and nighttime flows. The average i s taken over the full time interval of residenc e of tritium in the tree . Shorter term resolution of transpiration is not possible with thi s method . Examples of transpiration rate s which have been obtained using equation 1 with tritiated water as the tracer are given in table 1 for field-grown coniferous trees . 1 J. R. Kline, C. F. Jordan, and R . C . Rose . Transpiration measurements in pines using tritiated wate r as a tracer . In D. J. Nelson (ed .), Third Nationa l Symposium on Radioecology, Proc ., May 10-12 , 1971, Oak Ridge, Tenn . (In press . ) 'J . R . Kline, M. L. Stewart, C . F . Jordan, an d Patricia Kovac_ Use of tritiated water for determination of plant transpiration and biomass under fiel d conditions . In Symposium on the Use of Isotopes an d Radiation in Soil-Plant Research Including Applications in <strong>Forest</strong>ry, Proc . Int . At . Energy Agency Conf . SM-151, December 13-17, 1971 .Vienna, , Austria . (I n press .) 50 30 0 Figure 1 . Typical activity-time response curve obtained by injecting a jack pine (Pins banksiana) tree with tritiated water and sampling twigs as a function of time for tritium content . Peak arriva l time is indicated by Tp . Biomass Measuremen t The measurement of tree biomass is base d on that part of the theory of tracer dynamic s which permits calculation of the pool size o f the compartment through which flow take s place . In trees the pool refers simply to th e average total water content of the tree . Whe n pool size has been computed, it is a simpl e matter to convert to biomass using the aver - age moisture percentage of the wood . Derivation of an expression which permit s computation of compartmental pool size i s given by Zierler (1964) . Zierler's expression i s given by equation 2 : C =F Tm , (2) where C = compartment volume (ml) , F = flow rate through the compartment (ml/hr), and Tm = mean residence time of th e flowing substance (hr) . Equation 2 states simply that the compartment pool size is given by the product of th e 160
Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean residence times, computed biomasses, and observe d biomasses for field-grown red and jack pine tree s Red pine (Pinus resinosa) (1970 ) Tree number Dbh (CM) Transpiration rate (F ) (ml/hr) resi ence time (Tp ) (hr) Computed dry biomas s (kg) Observed dry biomass (kg) 3 14 .1 1170 50 42 .4 42 . 6 4 9.5 222 110 17 .7 12 . 2 5 12 .1 935 42 28 .4 26 . 3 6 13 .3 1280 42 38 .9 35 . 1 7 12 .3 725 49 25 .7 26 . 7 8 8 .2 413 49 14 .6 12 . 1 10 12 .3 254 98 18 .0 20.6 Mean tree weight ± SE 26 .5 ± 4 .1 25 .1 ± 4 . 3 Mean forest biomass ± SE (kg/ha) 7.7 x 10 4 ± 1 .2 7.3 x 10 4 ± 1 . 2 Jack pine (Pinus banksiana) (1971 ) Tree number Dbh (CM) Transpiration rate (F) ( /hr) re isdeece time (T ) (hr) p Computed dry biomass (kg ) Observe d dry biomass ( kg) 1 10 .5 807 49 38.5 19 . 9 2 12 .0 833 52 33.5 26 .7 3 10 .0 540 48 21 .5 19 . 9 4 10.0 941 27 25.6 32 . 0 5 8.9 570 45 25 .4 18 . 1 6 11 .0 833 25 19 .2 26 . 0 7 11 .0 609 23 17 .0 32 . 3 8 9.5 506 46 24 .6 24 . 6 9 10 .4 492 27 18 .3 20 . 9 11 11 .4 1083 26 28 .0 28 . 5 12 9.4 903 24 27 .2 20 . 0 Mean tree weight ± SE 23.3 ± 2 .0 24 .4 ± 1 . 5 Mean forest biomass ± SE (kg/ha) 6.3 x 10 4 ± 0 .5 6.1 x 104 ± 0 .4 16 1
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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Page 105 and 106: ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108: Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110: Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114: Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116: 2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118: Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120: Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122: 0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
Page 123 and 124: _3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126: 0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128: 8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130: water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 133 and 134: Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136: Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138: of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140: Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142: through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 155: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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