PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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parable total quantities of litter on a yearly basis, amounts of the various litter components are important . The amounts of each litter component are important becaus e concentrations of nutrient elements vary fo r each litter component (see table 5) . Table 4 shows that the greatest differences betwee n plots 1 and 3 in terms of kg/hectare of litter - fall occur between needles and woody material. Plot 3 produced 947 kg/hectare more of needles than plot 1, while plot 1 produced 403 kg/hectare more of woody material tha n plot 3. However, table 5 shows that th e average concentration of nitrogen, fo r example, is much higher in needles than it is in woody material ; consequently, variations such as found in table 6 are brought about . Nutrient input in both throughfall and litterfall appears to have the same trend for K + , P, and Ca++ when comparing plots 1 and 3 . The litterfall analysis shows plot 3 havin g more K +, P, and less Ca ++ than plot 1 . Th e throughfall data for plots 1 and 3 show th e same results (table 3) . However, differences between N and Mg++ input through throughfall and litterfall for each plot do not agree . Table 3 shows little difference in N input fo r each plot, while table 6 shows N being highe r in plot 3 . A possible explanation for this ha s been given in the preceding paragraph . Tabl e 3 shows that plot 1 had more Mg ++ input than plot 3 . Litterfall input for Mg ++ was about the same between plot 1 and 3 . A possible explanation for the difference between plots 1 and 3 for Mg++ in throughfall might be that the hardwood litterfall ac - counted for 10.1 percent of the total Mg ++ input (table 7) . Table 1 shows that 1 .7 per - cent of the species composition in plot 1 wa s hardwoods, while plot 3 shows no hardwoods . More amounts of N, P, and Ca ++ were transferred to the soil through litterfall tha n through throughfall ; while more K + and Mg ++ were added to the soil through throughfal l (table 8) . There appeared to be no relationship between nutrient concentration and elevation . Rather, concentration on each plot seemed t o be correlated with crown density . Basal are a and crown density in old-growth Douglas-fi r stands seem to be distributed randomly ove r the sites on the H . J. Andrews Experimental Forest. Consequently, no real correlatio n could be seen between basal area and crow n density with moisture and elevation . Thi s could also be due to the fact that the range o f environments sampled on the H . J. Andrews Experimental Forest was not great enough , indicated by total precipitation . Table 1 shows that there was no real difference i n total precipitation between plots 1 through 4 . Summary The preliminary data indicate that nutrien t concentration in throughfall varied with sea - son . Highest concentrations were found in th e summer and lowest concentrations during th e winter. Nutrient input through throughfal l generally followed the same trends as di d nutrient concentrations . Nutrient return through litterfall was greatest in the needles . Together, the needles, twigs, and cones ac - counted for 78 percent of the nutrient inpu t Table 8.-Total nutrient input in kg per hectare per yea r Input N P K + Ca ++ Mg++ Average throughfall input 3 .3544 2 .740 21 .7230 4 .416 2.12 3 Average litterfall input 27 .3235 4 .725 8 .0784 67 .2738 1 .08 0 Total 30 .6779 7 .465 29 .8014 71 .6888 3 .203 142
through litterfall . More amounts of N, P, and Ca++ were transferred to the soil throug h litterfall than through throughfall, while mor e K+ and Mg++ were added to the soil through throughfall. Litterfall was maximum during the winter . Acknowledgments The work reported in this paper was supported in part by National Science Foundation Grant No . GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome, U .S. Analysis of Ecosystems , International Biological Program . This is Contribution No. 30 to the Coniferous Fores t Biome . Literature Cited Berntsen, C. M., and J . Rothacher . 1959 . A guide to the H . J. Andrews Experimenta l Forest. USDA Forest Serv . Pac. Northwes t Forest & Range Exp . Stn ., 21 p . Portland , Oreg . Bray, J. Roger, and Eville Gorham . 1964 . Litter production in forests of the world . Advan. Ecol. Res . 2: 101-157 . Cole, Dale W ., and Stanley P. Gessel. 1968 . Cedar River Research . A program for studying the pathways, rates, and processes of elemental cycling in a forest ecosystem . Univ . Wash., Coll . Forest Res ., Inst. Forest Prod. Contrib. No . 4, 54 p . Dimock, E . J. 1958 . Litter fall in a young stand of Douglas-fir. Northwest Sci . 32 : 19-29 . Jones, K. 1970. Nitrogen fixation in th e phyllosphere of the Douglas-fir, (Pseudotsuga douglasii) . Ann. Bot. (London) 34 : 239-244 . Kira, T ., and T. Shidei . 1967 . Primary production and turnover of organic matter in different forest ecosystems of the wester n Pacific. Jap . J. Ecol. 17(2) : 70-87 . Le Clerc, J. A., and J. F. Breazeale . 1908 . Plant food removed from growing plants by rain or dew . In J . A. Arnold (ed.), U .S . Department of Agriculture yearbook, p . 389-402 . Madgwick, H. A. I., and J. D. Ovington . 1959 . The chemical composition of precipitatio n in adjacent forest and open plots . Forestry 32(1) : 14-22 . Mes, Margaretha G . 1954. Excretion (recretion) of phosphorus and other mineral elements by leaves under the influence of rain . S. Afr . J . Sci. 50(7) : 167-172 . Rahman, Abu Hamed Mohammed Mojibur . 1964 . A study of the movement of elements from leaf crowns by natural litter - fall, stemflow and leaf wash . 119 p . M.F . thesis on file, Univ . Wash ., Seattle . Riekerk, Hans, and Stanley P . Gessel. 1965 . Mineral cycling in a Douglas-fir fores t stand . Health Phys . 11 : 1363-1369 . Rothacher, Jack. 1963 . Net precipitation under a Douglas-fir forest . Forest Sci . 9(4) : 423-429 . Tamm, Carl O. 1951. Removal of plant nutrients from tree crowns by rain . Physiol . Plant. (4): 184-188 . Tarrant, R . F., Leo A. Isaac, and Robert F . Chandler, Jr . 1951. Observations on litte r fall and foliage nutrient content of som e Pacific Northwest tree species . J. For . 49(12) : 914-915 . , K . C. Lu, C . S. Chen, and W . B . Bollen. 1968. Nitrogen content of precipitation in a coastal Oregon forest opening . Tellus 20(3) : 554-556 . Tukey, H . B., Jr., and H. J. Amling . 1958 . Leaching of foliage by rain and dew as an explanation of differences in the nutrien t composition of greenhouse and field-grown plants. Mich. Quart. Bull. 40(4) : 876-881 . , H. B. Tukey, and S. H. Wittwer. 1958. Loss of nutrients by folia r leaching as determined by radioisotopes . Proc. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 71 : 496-506 . Voigt, G. K. 1960. Alternation of the composition of rainwater by trees. Am . Midland Nat . 63(2) : 321-326 . Will, G . M. 1959. Nutrient return in litter an d rainfall under some exotic conifer stands i n New Zealand . New Zealand J. Agric. Res. 2 : 719-734 . Wilm, H . G. 1943. Determining net rainfal l under a conifer forest . J. Agric. Res. 67 : 501-512 . 143
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
Page 25 and 26:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
Page 49 and 50:
subsystems as objects . In addition
Page 51 and 52:
several models together to form the
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
The study areas are located at seve
Page 57 and 58:
K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
Page 59 and 60:
An alternative way of considering i
Page 61 and 62:
Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 65 and 66:
Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70:
Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
Page 75 and 76:
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
Page 89 and 90: vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94: Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96: Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98: Here v is the volume of water cross
Page 99 and 100: 2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
Page 101 and 102: .0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 103 and 104: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 105 and 106: ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108: Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110: Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114: Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116: 2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118: Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120: Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122: 0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
Page 123 and 124: _3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126: 0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128: 8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130: water is dominant because flowing w
Page 133 and 134: Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136: Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138: of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139: Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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Page 277 and 278:
contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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