PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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(AVAILABLE DAT A WATER YEA R HYDROLOGI C DATA CALCULATE WATERSHED COEFFICIENT S ESTIMATE THE INITIAL VALUE AN D LIMIT OF MODEL PARAMETERS SE T UP PARAMETER VALUE CONSTRAINT S ENTIRE WATERSHED AS SINGLE UNIT WATERSHED HYDROLOGI C SIMULATION MODE L 1 CALIBRATE THE MODEL PARAMETERS CHECK ACCURACY AN D PARAMETER VALUE DISPERSION IMPROV E MODE L DAILY TIME INCREMENT CONVERT MODEL COEFFICIENTS AND PARAMETERS FOR DAIL Y TIME INCREMEN T CALCULATE AND ESTIMAT E SUBWATERSHED COEFFICIENT S AND PARAMETERS CALIBRATION, RESULTS STUD Y AND COMPARISON WITH MONTHLY MODE L NO Ị IMPROV E DEFINITION OF PROCESSE S SUBWATERSHE D MODEL NO SENSITIVIT Y ANALYSIS APPLICATION Figure 5 . Flow diagram for verification procedure . I 6 0
Calibration of Parameter s In general, it is anticipated that realisti c parameter values are established through th e calibration procedure . However, when streamflow is the only available component for checking the model, it is possible that several combinations of parameter values will yiel d satisfactory agreement between observed an d computed outflow hydrographs . The proble m of establishing unique parameter values i s approached on the basis of hydrologic judgment and by using "interior" observations , such as snow depth and soil moisture, a s check points on model performance . Other ways of testing the model include the tim e distribution of output quantities, such a s stream flow, and known (or estimated ) monthly or annual quantities . For example , for watershed 2 it is estimated that interception storage is about 0 .5 cm, and total interception amounts to approximately 17 percen t of the annual precipitation . Under the self-calibration technique model parameter values are altered or purturbed in a random sequence and the resulting changes in the objective function are examined (Shi h 1971). A computer flow chart for the calibration subroutine is shown by figure 6 . The entire program model, including the calibration subroutine, will be synthesized on a hybrid computer. Sensitivity and Management Studies Sensitivity A sensitivity analysis is performed b y changing one system variable while holdin g the remaining variables constant and notin g the changes in the model output functions . If small changes in a particular system parameter induce large changes in the output or respons e function, the system is said to be sensitive t o that parameter . Thus, through sensitivity analyses it is possible to establish the relative importance with respect to system respons e of various system processes and input functions. This kind of information is useful fro m the standpoint of system management, syste m modeling, and the assignment of priorities i n the collection of field data. Under this study, the verified model will be used to perfor m various sensitivity analyses for the hydrologi c system of watershed 2 . Management Opportunities for management of a fores t watershed are widely varied, and range fro m changes in logging practices to forms of soil treatment. Actual implementation of a management scheme depends upon benefit s gained as compared with possible disbenefits . The simulation model developed under thi s study will not make direct comparisons of benefits and disadvantages, but will predict changes in the system output associated wit h given management alternatives . Under this study the capability of the model will be demonstrated for rapidly testing many possible management alternatives . Much of the work discussed by this paper i s based upon past developments in watershed simulation at Utah State University . Hydro - logic modeling of the H . J. Andrews Experimental Forest for Coniferous Forest Biom e has just begun, and the preceding discussio n has been influenced by a consideration o f particular conditions in the study area . How - ever, the model will be fundamental in concept, and therefore generally applicable in a geographic sense . Whenever feasible, th e model will use basic equations which are valid for short time intervals to define the variou s processes in the model . The output will the n be summed for application to daily or longe r time increments . For example, Horton 's infiltration equation is applicable in minute units , but by summing these quantities, the model i s capable of calculating equivalent daily infiltration rates . For the area under this study, how - ever, it is assumed that water supply rates a t the ground surface do not exceed infiltratio n capacities, so that surface runoff does not occur, thus considerably simplifying th e model calibration process . System functions which are important t o forest management and other aspects of th e total project include evapotranspiration and soil moisture . These functions, along wit h streamflow, will be estimated by the mode l for use in other parts of the total system 61
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
Page 13 and 14: 4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
Page 15 and 16: where validation studies could be c
Page 17 and 18: have been developed . Prior to thei
Page 19 and 20: of gross production and respiration
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
Page 23 and 24: Nutrient levels in stream and lake
Page 25 and 26: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 27 and 28: inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
Page 29 and 30: was slightly raised in 1902, the la
Page 31 and 32: climate, surrounding terrestrial en
Page 33 and 34: more similar than between the diffe
Page 35 and 36: The net rate of primary production
Page 37 and 38: community structure and energy flo
Page 39 and 40: est adapted organism vacillates bet
Page 41 and 42: U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
Page 43 and 44: successful . Thus we can see modeli
Page 45 and 46: of the external quantities of S wou
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
Page 49 and 50: subsystems as objects . In addition
Page 51 and 52: several models together to form the
Page 53 and 54: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 55 and 56: The study areas are located at seve
Page 57 and 58: K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
Page 59 and 60: An alternative way of considering i
Page 61 and 62: Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
Page 63: d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 67 and 68: model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70: Usually, we are interested in the o
Page 71 and 72: LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
Page 73 and 74: the watershed. The hydrologic model
Page 77 and 78: considered as part of another food
Page 79 and 80: PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
Page 81 and 82: Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
Page 83 and 84: ful in regions with relatively unif
Page 85 and 86: epresents the basic linkages betwee
Page 87 and 88: Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
Page 89 and 90: vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94: Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96: Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98: Here v is the volume of water cross
Page 99 and 100: 2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
Page 101 and 102: .0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 105 and 106: ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108: Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110: Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114: Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116:
2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118:
Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 155 and 156:
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 163 and 164:
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 173 and 174:
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where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178:
Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186:
Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190:
Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194:
Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202:
Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204:
Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214:
Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216:
Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Page 221 and 222:
Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226:
The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234:
The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242:
Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254:
extracted was determined by the wei
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260:
Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264:
permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266:
insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268:
Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272:
S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282:
fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292:
Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298:
2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304:
Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306:
targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308:
This program will automatically cal
Page 309:
The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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