PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

More documents

Recommendations

Info

ported little photosynthate basipetally in contrast with the preferential translocation of photosynthate toward the stem by 2-year-ol d needles may be explained by the ability of a sink such as the stem to mobilize photosynthate falling off with distance in a n approximately logarithmic manner . These studies give clues to the relationships between CO 2 assimilation in the leaves an d the formation and differentiation of new cells in apical and cambial growth . These relationships are not simple, and care must be take n to avoid oversimplified connections . For example, net assimilation rates can give an index of amounts of photosynthate availabl e for growth only if position and age of th e foliage studied are taken into account (Ros s 1972). With caution, however, net assimilation rates taken in different parts of th e crown can be used to estimate daily mean assimilation and the total photosynthate production, on the basis of the whorls o f branches of different heights (Woodman 1968, 1971) . In the Coniferous Biome studies, effort s must be made to bring together net assimilation, translocation, and terminal and lateral growth into a workable model . It may be necessary in such efforts to take into accoun t growth inhibitors and promoters in such a model, since Lavender and Hermann (1970 ) have pointed out the importance of thes e substances in their studies of light and photo - period effects in Douglas-fir . Although there is information to build on with respect to re d pine and Douglas-fir (see above), further wor k will be necessary with Douglas-fir to utiliz e the information effectively . Clearly, specifi c studies of translocation and growth in wester n hemlock, ponderosa pine, and a true fir ar e needed . Mineral Nutrition A number of books cover the general field of mineral nutrition and specifically that of forest tree species (Baule and Fricker 1967 , Bengtson 1968, Epstein 1972) . The aspects of particular concern in the Coniferous Biom e are mineral uptake and cycling, and the role of mineral elements in metabolic processes . Mineral cycling studies in second-growt h Douglas-fir forests have been carried out for over a decade (Grier and Cole 1972) . Mineral cycling is important in the nutrition of th e trees since limited nutrient capital is available . These studies need to be extended to th e other species of special importance in th e Coniferous Biome program . The importance of nitrogen in chlorophyll production and the close correlation between chlorophyll contents and CO 2 uptake were pointed out by Keller and Wehrmann (1967 ) with reference to Picea abies and Pinus sylvestris . The widespread occurrence of nitrogen deficiency in Douglas-fir in western Washington and Oregon (Gessel et at . 1965) give s reason for careful attention to this element i n studies of coastal Douglas-fir in the Coniferous Biome . Also it will be wise to make a sufficiently broad spectrum of mineral analyses to detect low levels of other element s which might be limiting photosynthesis or growth . The foregoing indicates that a large back - ground of information on terrestrial production processes in woody plants is already available. With respect to Douglas-fir, the species currently receiving most emphasis i n the Coniferous Biome, the background i s appreciable and useful, but often lacking i n specific data needed for the construction of mathematical models . These deficiencies must be made up for adequate modeling of processes in this species. With other species of special concern in the Biome-western hemlock, ponderosa pine, and true firs-muc h more background information as well as specific data is needed in order to develo p effective production models . A cknowledgments The work reported in this paper was sup - ported in part by the University of Washingto n and in part by National Science Foundatio n Grant No. GB-20963 to the Coniferous Fores t Biome, U .S. Analysis of Ecosystems, Inter - national Biological Program . This is Contribution No . 37 to the Coniferous Forest Biome . 221
Literature Cited Baule, H., and C. Fricker. 1967 . The fertilizer treatment of forest trees . (Transl . from German .) 259 p. Munich : BLV Verlagsges . Baumgartner, A. 1969. Meteorological approach to the exchange of CO 2 betwee n the atmosphere and vegetation, particularl y forest stands . Photosynthetica 3(2) : 127-249 . Bengtson, G . W . (ed .) . 1968 . Forest fertilization : theory and practice . 306 p . Muscl e Shoals, Ala . : Tenn. Valley Authority . Botkin, D., G. M . Woodwell, and Neal Tempel. 1970. Forest productivity estimated from carbon dioxide uptake . Ecology 51 : 1057-1060 . Brix, H . 1967 . An analysis of dry matter production of Douglas-fir seedlings in relatio n to temperature and light intensity . Can . J . Bot. 45 : 2063-2072 . 1971 . Effects of nitrogen fertilization on photosynthesis and respiration in Douglas-fir. Forest Sci . 17 : 407-414 . and L . F. Ebell . 1969 . Effects of nitrogen fertilization on growth, leaf area , and photosynthesis rate in Douglas-fir . Forest Sci. 15 : 189-195 . Caldwell, M. M . 1970. Plant gas exchange a t high wind speeds . Plant Physiol. 46(4) : 535-537 . Denmead, O . T. 1969. Comparative micrometeorology of a wheat field and a forest of Pin us radiata . Agric. Meteorol. 6 : 357-371 . and I. C. Mcllroy. 1971. Measurement of carbon dioxide exchange in th e field . In Z . Sestak, J . 6atsky, and P . G . Jarvis (eds.), Plant photosynthetic production, manual of methods, p . 467-516 . Th e Hague : Dr . W . Junk N .V . Publishers . Dickmann, D . I ., and T. T. Kozlowski. 1970 . Mobilization and incorporation of photo - assimilated 14 C by growing vegetation an d reproductive tissues of adult Pinus resinosa trees. Plant Physiol . 45 : 284-288 . Epstein, E . 1972. Mineral nutrition of plants : principles and perspectives, 412 p . New York: John Wiley and Sons . Fritschen, L . J. 1972. The lysimeter installation on the Cedar River watershed . In Proceedings-research on coniferous forest ecosystems-a symposium, p . 255-260, illus. Pac. Northwest Forest & Range Exp . Stn . , Portland, Oreg . Fry, K . E. 1965. A study of transpiration an d photosynthesis in relation to the stomatal resistance and internal water potential i n Douglas-fir. 192 p. Ph.D. thesis on file , Univ . Wash ., Seattle . Gentle, S . W. 1963 . The effect of local weather conditions on the assimilation of carbo n dioxide by Douglas-fir in western Washing - ton. 122 p . Ph .D. thesis on file, Univ . Wash., Seattle . Gessel, S . P., T. N . Stoate, and K . J. Turnbull , 1965 . The growth behavior of Douglas-fi r with nitrogenous fertilizer in western Washington . Res . Bull. No. 1, 204 p . Coll. For . , Univ . Wash., Seattle . Grier, Charles C ., and Dale W . Cole. 1972 . Elemental transport changes occurring during development of a second-growth Douglas-fir ecosystem . In Proceedings-research on coniferous forest ecosystems-a symposium, p . 103-113, illus . Pac. Northwest Forest & Range Exp . Stn., Portland, Oreg . Helms, J. A. 1964. Apparent photosynthesi s of Douglas fir in relation to silvicultural treatment . Forest Sci . 10: 432-442 . 1965. Diurnal and seasonal patterns of net assimilation in Douglas-fir, a s influenced by environment . Ecology 46 : 698-708 . 1970. Summer net photo - synthesis of ponderosa pine in its natura l habitat. Photosynthetica 4(3) : 243-253 . Hinckley, T . M. 1971 . Plant water stress an d its effect on ecological patterns of behavior in several Pacific Northwest conifer species , 177 p . Ph .D . thesis on file, Univ . Wash . , Seattle . and G . A. Ritchie . 1970 . Within - crown patterns of transpiration, wate r stress, and stomatal activity in Abies amabilis . Forest Sci . 16: 490-492 . 222
Page 1 and 2:
PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
Page 3 and 4:
Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
Page 5 and 6:
Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
Page 7 and 8:
Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
Page 9 and 10:
Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 11 and 12:
directly, to solution of major natu
Page 13 and 14:
4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
Page 15 and 16:
where validation studies could be c
Page 17 and 18:
have been developed . Prior to thei
Page 19 and 20:
of gross production and respiration
Page 21 and 22:
Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
Page 23 and 24:
Nutrient levels in stream and lake
Page 25 and 26:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 27 and 28:
inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
Page 29 and 30:
was slightly raised in 1902, the la
Page 31 and 32:
climate, surrounding terrestrial en
Page 33 and 34:
more similar than between the diffe
Page 35 and 36:
The net rate of primary production
Page 37 and 38:
community structure and energy flo
Page 39 and 40:
est adapted organism vacillates bet
Page 41 and 42:
U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
Page 43 and 44:
successful . Thus we can see modeli
Page 45 and 46:
of the external quantities of S wou
Page 47 and 48:
Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
Page 49 and 50:
subsystems as objects . In addition
Page 51 and 52:
several models together to form the
Page 53 and 54:
Page 55 and 56:
The study areas are located at seve
Page 57 and 58:
K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
Page 59 and 60:
An alternative way of considering i
Page 61 and 62:
Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
Page 63 and 64:
d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 65 and 66:
Calibration of Parameter s In gener
Page 67 and 68:
model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70:
Usually, we are interested in the o
Page 71 and 72:
LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
Page 73 and 74:
the watershed. The hydrologic model
Page 75 and 76:
Page 77 and 78:
considered as part of another food
Page 79 and 80:
PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
Page 81 and 82:
Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
Page 83 and 84:
ful in regions with relatively unif
Page 85 and 86:
epresents the basic linkages betwee
Page 87 and 88:
Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
Page 89 and 90:
vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92:
Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94:
Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96:
Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98:
Here v is the volume of water cross
Page 99 and 100:
2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
Page 101 and 102:
.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108:
Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110:
Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114:
Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116:
2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118:
Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122:
0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
Page 123 and 124:
_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126:
0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128:
8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130:
water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136:
Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138:
of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140:
Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142:
through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148:
1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152:
in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154:
Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160:
this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162:
solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 163 and 164: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234: The important interaction between l
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244: 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248: may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254: extracted was determined by the wei
Page 257 and 258: I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266:
insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268:
Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270:
stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272:
S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274:
ingestion variation between individ
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280:
volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282:
fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284:
18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286:
a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292:
Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294:
during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
Page 295 and 296:
greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298:
2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
Page 299 and 300:
detectable increase in concentratio
Page 301 and 302:
in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304:
Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306:
targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308:
This program will automatically cal
Page 309:
The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
show all

PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?