PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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30 2 2 0 V A B C D 0 q 0 q 0 0 0 q 0 A& II 0 A 0 FERTILIZE D q UNFERTILIZE D -30 Figure 5 . Apparent displacement of points on the tree boles in x and y as a function of z (elevation), from Apri l to October: (A) at the base of the trees, (B) at the base of the live crowns, (C) at an intracrown whorl, (D) a t the base of the April leader (based on data from table 2 in West and Allen 1971) . 174
data; there is no obvious explanation for it s absence at the base of the April leader . Conclusions The preliminary survey of Douglas-fir tree s at the Thompson Site suggests that theodolite surveying is adaptable to the purpose o f detecting and monitoring subtle patterns o f change in vegetation structures . In terms of quantity and quality of data obtained for th e energy expended, this procedure appears t o be commensurate with any other known tre e measurement system, and it offers advantage s not offered by any other system . First, be - cause the location of every point in the sample is determined relative to an arbitrar y point defined as the origin of the coordinate system, the apparent displacement of any point on the tree is independent of th e apparent location of any other point on th e tree. Second, displacement of points in any direction can be measured with this procedure, such as, for example, the tips o f branches radially disposed about the stem an d growing at various angles from the vertical . Finally, and of considerable importance, thi s system is entirely nondestructive and is there - fore well suited to continued monitoring o f growth trends over extended time periods . Theoretically, the precision of the technique is within millimeters, since it is basicall y the same as is used for precision engineerin g surveying. There are, however, a few practica l limitations on the attainable precision . Following are a few observations about particular problems . A possible solution to the problem of target point identification would be to clim b the trees prior to the initial survey and afi x permanent sighting targets at points of interest. Also, a network of similarly smal l definitive targets could be establishe d throughout the sample area for use as permanent reference points, one of which could b e used to define the origin of the coordinate system. A series of carefully controlled experiments should be designed specifically t o determine the effects of operator error on the limits of attainable precision under different kinds of working conditions . Dense crown branches and foliage may place constraints on the usefulness or convenience of this method in some kinds o f vegetation. When precision is required, surveyin g should be avoided during periods of adverse weather conditions. Tarpaulins can be suspended over the instruments so that work may be carried on during rain or snow, but these conditions also affect visibility within the forest . Winds that are strong enough to cause movement of the trees will obviously increase the probability of meaningless apparent displacements, and should be avoided . As of this writing, the system has been use d exclusively for the dimensioning of trees . Th e principles upon which it is based, however , are universally applicable mathematical relations. Therefore the technique should b e eminently suited to the study of a variety o f ecological problems involving relations that can be described in a three-coordinate system . These might include, for example, the structure of bird rookeries, the spatial arrangemen t of epiphyte or parasite plants, or flower and fruit distributions . Acknowledgments The work on which this paper is based wa s authorized and financed by the Recreation and Environmental Branch, Office of the Chief of Engineers, Washington, D .C., in cooperation with the Coniferous <strong>Forest</strong> Biome, U .S. Analysis of Ecosystems, International Biological Program. This is Contribution No . 33 to the Coniferous <strong>Forest</strong> Biome. I thank my referees , whose constructive criticisms were helpful in arriving at tenable explanations for some perplexing patterns in the data . Literature Cited Cole, D . W., and S. P. Gessel . 1968 . Ceda r River research-a program for studyin g pathways, rates, and processes of elementa l cycling in a forest ecosystem . Univ . Wash . Coll. For . Res . Monogr . Contr. No . 4, 53 p . 175
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120: Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122: 0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
Page 123 and 124: _3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126: 0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128: 8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130: water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 133 and 134: Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136: Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138: of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140: Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142: through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182: Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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