PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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1 .5 50 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANCE VALU E Figure 2 . Relationship between epiphyte importance value and total epiphyte biomass for the five branc h 200 - • T 0 10 2 0 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANCE VALU E Figure 3 . Estimates of total epiphyte biomass on the branch systems in each EIV class . 184
Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for epiphytes on trun k and branch systems of tree 1 in watershed 1 0 Branch system s Epiphyte Trunk Total Axes Branchlets BRYOPHYTES Hypnum circinale 1 .6 2 .6 4. 2 Dicranum spp . 1 .5 1 .5 3. 0 Other mosses .1 0 .1 . 2 Scapania bolanderi .8 .1 1 . 0 Other liverworts .5 . 6 Bryophyte total 3 .9 4 .9 .1 8.9 LICHEN S Sphaerophorus globosus .1 1 .8 1 . 9 Other lichens with green algal phycobionts .2 .4 .3 . 9 Lobaria oregana .3 3.2 3 .0 6 . 5 Other lichens with Nostoc phycobionts .1 . 1 Lichen total .6 5 .4 3 .4 9 . 4 TOTAL 4 .5 10 .3 3 .5 18 .3 a much higher nitrogen content than thos e which do not (table 5). In two of these associations, Lobaria oregana and Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd ., Nostoc is a secondary phycobiont located in cephalodia. Levels of nitrogen in the nitrogen-fixing lichens are similar to those previously reported (Pike 1971). The nitrogen contents of the mosse s and nonnitrogen-fixing lichens are comparabl e to those reported by Rodin and Bazilevic h (1967) from tundra and conifer ecosystems , but are much lower than those reported fro m the agricultural Willamette Valley (Pik e 1971) . Using these values of nitrogen content, th e biomass estimates were converted to estimate s of the total quantity of nitrogen in th e epiphytes on this one tree (table 6). Thes e results indicate that 65 percent of the tota l epiphyte nitrogen is located in lichens an d that 55 percent of the total is found in a single species, Lobaria oregana . Since one-half of the Lobaria oregana occurs on branchlets, more than 25 percent of the epiphyte nitrogen is found there . Discussion Our estimate of 18.3 kg of epiphyte biomass on the one Douglas-fir tree sampled i s considerably higher than the average 0 .3 kg per tree found in a stand of Picea engelmannii and Abies lasiocarpa in British Columbi a (Edwards et al. 1960) and the 0 .4 to 1 .3 k g per tree found in stands of Pinus banksiana and Picea mariana in Saskatchewan (Scotter 1962) . This high epiphyte biomass is relate d to the tremendous size of old-growth Douglasfir. When wet, the epiphyte load on this tree is probably three to four times the dry weight and may be a significant factor affectin g branch fall. (See Barkman (1958) for wate r capacity of lichens and bryophytes . ) There are approximately 60 old-growt h Douglas-fir trees per hectare of forest in 18 5
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
Page 129 and 130: water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 133 and 134: Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136: Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138: of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140: Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142: through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 145 and 146: Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148: 1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150: Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152: in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154: Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 157 and 158: Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160: this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162: solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 165 and 166: ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168: Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170: trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172: data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 175 and 176: where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178: Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179: NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
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I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
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Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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