PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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SET UP PARAMETER OPTIMIZIN G ORDER IN RANDOM SEQUENC E CHANGE THE PERTURBATION DIRECTION WITHIN GIVEN PARAMETER LIMI T ASSIGN OPPOSITE DIRECTIO N OF PERTURBATION I N NEXT CYCLE PARAMETERS TESTE D WITHOUT SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT L = L + 1 RESULT S FROM THIS S E OF PARAMETER VALU E SATISFY TH E CONSTRAINTS i RETURN Figure 6 . Flow chart for the model calibration . I E2
model being developed under the Coniferou s Biome Program. The important underlying feature throughout the entire study will b e that all of the separately described hydrologi c processes and phenomena are interlinked into a total system . Thus, from the model, hope - fully, it will be possible to evaluate the relative importance of the various items, explore critical areas where data and perhaps theor y are lacking, and finally establish guidelines fo r the improved management of forest water - sheds . INPU T (lOVO (A) SYSTEM (KNOWN ) SYSTEM SYNTHESI S OUTPUT ^-TI €N NNowN 1 Hydrologic Systems Analysis 3 INPUT (KNOWN) SYSTE M (UNKNOWN) OUTPU T (KNOWN ) The purpose of this research is to devise a technique for statistical decomposition of a hydrologic event such that system processe s such as precipitation, subsurface flow, an d evapotranspiration, which contribute to th e observed streamflow can be separated and described. This technique will therefore pro - vide one more avenue for determination of the subsurface flow process on forest soils . The technique chosen for this research is a form of systems analysis . Systems, Definitions and Basic Principles System may be defined as an aggregate of physical parts that do not change with time , operating on an input to produce an output , both being functions of time . The simplified representation of a watershed, given in figure 2, can be considered as a system whose input is precipitation and runoff its output . Syste m "synthesis" is a technique employed when th e system is known in terms of a mathematical equation; the objective is to determine th e nature of the output for any class of inpu t (fig. 7) . In system "analysis" a syste m response function or kernel which best de - scribes a given input-output pair is derived (fig. 7) . The term "best" implies that the derived kernels are not unique . Combination s of both techniques can be used for the solution of hydrologic problems . A system can 3 Authored by Z. G. Papazafiriou, Research Associate, and R . H . Burgy, Professor, University o f California, Davis . (C) (B) SYSTEM ANALYSI S MULTI-INPUT/OUTPUT SYSTEM Figure 7 . Illustration of systems . have one input and one output or many in - puts and outputs (fig. 7). A system i s "lumped parameter" if input and output ar e functions of a single variable . Otherwise, th e system is of the "distributed parameter" type . If the system response at any time, due to a given input, is uniquely determined, th e system is said to be "deterministic." If the system response is subject to uncertain influences, the system is "stochastic o r probabilistic . " A quantity z is a "functional" for the function x(t) in the interval (a,b), if it depend s upon all values taken by x(t), when t varies i n the interval (a,b) . An illustration of a functional is given in figure 8 . The output of a system is a functional of the input and, fo r the same reason, runoff is a functional o f precipitation. A system is "time invariant " if it does not change with time. Such system s can be represented by functionals . "Physically realizable" is a system whose output at time t depends only upon past values of the input . 63
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
Page 15 and 16: where validation studies could be c
Page 17 and 18: have been developed . Prior to thei
Page 19 and 20: of gross production and respiration
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
Page 23 and 24: Nutrient levels in stream and lake
Page 25 and 26: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 27 and 28: inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
Page 29 and 30: was slightly raised in 1902, the la
Page 31 and 32: climate, surrounding terrestrial en
Page 33 and 34: more similar than between the diffe
Page 35 and 36: The net rate of primary production
Page 37 and 38: community structure and energy flo
Page 39 and 40: est adapted organism vacillates bet
Page 41 and 42: U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
Page 43 and 44: successful . Thus we can see modeli
Page 45 and 46: of the external quantities of S wou
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
Page 49 and 50: subsystems as objects . In addition
Page 51 and 52: several models together to form the
Page 53 and 54: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 55 and 56: The study areas are located at seve
Page 57 and 58: K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
Page 59 and 60: An alternative way of considering i
Page 61 and 62: Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
Page 63 and 64: d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 65: Calibration of Parameter s In gener
Page 69 and 70: Usually, we are interested in the o
Page 71 and 72: LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
Page 73 and 74: the watershed. The hydrologic model
Page 77 and 78: considered as part of another food
Page 79 and 80: PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
Page 81 and 82: Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
Page 83 and 84: ful in regions with relatively unif
Page 85 and 86: epresents the basic linkages betwee
Page 87 and 88: Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
Page 89 and 90: vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92: Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94: Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96: Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98: Here v is the volume of water cross
Page 99 and 100: 2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
Page 101 and 102: .0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 105 and 106: ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108: Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110: Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112: Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114: Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116: 2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118:
Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216:
Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
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7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
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extracted was determined by the wei
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
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Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
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studies in conifers-a review . In J
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permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268:
Aquatic Process Studies 279
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stream environments (Krygier and Ha
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S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
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ingestion variation between individ
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contribute to detrital compartment
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volume measurement, realizing that
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fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
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18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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