PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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udget in Lake Sammamish indicates a significant release of sediment P to the overlying waters, the relative contribution of internal P supply to the trophogenic layer, when compared to external supply is far from clear . Additional annual P budgets in Lake Sammamish and in other lakes of varying nutrient income, but with similar morphometric an d hydrological characteristics, will provide a more accurate delineation of the role of sediments in supplying P to the water column . In particular, measurements of P internal suppl y for Lake Washington, which is a lake that i s morphometrically a macroscale of Lake Sammamish, contains relatively smaller amount s of Fe and P in hypolimnetic waters during th e summer stagnation periods, and is mor e eutrophic than Lake Sammamish, will provid e a unique test case . External P supply that re - mains in the epilimnic and metalimnic layer s of Lake Sammamish, at a rate of 0 .001 5 g/m 2 •day during the summer stagnatio n period, apparently provides a more readil y available source of P to the trophogenic laye r of the lake than does hypolimnetic P . A more accurate evaluation of the relative importance of internal P supply to Lake Sammamish productivity must await a better understanding of the mixing mechanisms . Acknowledgments Assistance was provided by graduate students in Civil Engineering working on individual research projects as part of the IBP program. In particular, these are R . S. Barnes, D . H. Bauer, R . M. Emery, G . R. Hendrey, M. A . Horton, and C . E. Moon . The work reported in this paper was sup - ported in part by National Science Foundation Grant No . GB-20963 to the Coniferous Forest Biome, U .S. Analysis of Ecosystems , International Biological Program. Support was also furnished by an Environmental Protection Agency Research Fellowship, No . 5-Fl-WP-26, a Public Health Service Training Grant and an Office of Water Resources Re - search Allotment Grant, No . A-045 Wash . This is Contribution No . 47 to the Coniferou s Forest Biome . Literature Cited American Public Health Association. 1971 . Standard methods for the examination o f water and wastewater . Ed . 13. New York . Bachofen, R. 1960. Stoffhaushalt and Sedimentation in Baldogger-und Hallwilersee . P . 1-118 . Zurich : Juris-Vorlay . Baker, R. G . 1970. Initial reports of the dee p sea drilling project . Vol. IV, p . 746-748 . Washington, D.C . : U .S. Govt . Print. Office . Barnes, R. S. 1972 . Trace metal survey o f Lake Washington drainage from alpine regions to lowland lakes . 150 p . M .S. thesis on file, Univ . Wash., Seattle . Bauer, D. H. 1971 . Carbon and nitrogen in the sediments of selected lakes in the Lak e Washington drainage . 91 p. M .S. thesis on file, Univ. Wash., Seattle . Bremner, J. M. 1960. Determination of N in soil by the Kjeldahl method . J. Agric . Sci . 55: 11-33 . . 1965. Total N . In C . A. Blac k (ed.), Methods of soil analysis, Part 2, p . 1149-1178 . Madison, Wis . : Am. Soc . Agron . Delfino, J . J., G. G. Bortleson, and G . F . Lee. 1969. Distribution of Mn, Fe, P, Mg, K, Na , and Ca in the surface sediments of Lake Mendota . Environ . Sci. Technol. 3 : 1189-1192 . Edmondson, W . T. 1970. Phosphorus, nitrogen and algae in Lake Washington afte r sewage diversion . Science 169 : 690-691 . Goldman, C . R . 1961 . The measurement o f primary productivity and limiting factors in freshwater with carbon-14 . In M. S. Doty (ed.), Proceedings of the conference on primary productivity measurements, marine and freshwater, p . 103-112 . U .S. At . Energy Comm ., Washington, D .C . Horton, M . A. 1972 . The role of the sediment s in the phosphorus cycle of Lake Sammamish. 220 p. M .S. thesis on file, Univ . Wash., Seattle . Moon, C. E. 1972. The effect of wastewater diversion on the nutrient budget of Lake Sammamish . 160 p. M .S. thesis on file , Univ . Wash., Seattle . Mortimer, C . H. 1941. The exchange of dissolved substances between mud and wate r 314
in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 . . 1942 . The exchange of dissolved substances between mud and wate r in lakes . J. Ecol . 30 : 147-201 . Rhode, W. 1969. Crystallization of eutrophication concepts in northern Europe . In Eutrophication : causes, consequences, and correctives, p. 50-64 . Natl. Acad. Sci . , Washington, D .C. Sawyer, C. N. 1952 . Some new aspects of phosphates in relation to lake fertilization . Sewage & Ind . Wastes 24 : 768-776 . Schindler, D . W. 1971. Carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus and the eutrophication of freshwater lakes . J. Phycol . 7 : 321-329 . and J. E . Nighswander. 1970 . Nutrient supply and primary production in Clear Lake, eastern Ontario . J. Fish . Res . Board Can . 27 : 2009-2036. Shapiro, J ., W . T. Edmondson, and D . E . Allison. 1971. Changes in the chemical composition of sediments of Lake Washing - ton, 1958-1970 . Limnol. & Oceanogr. 16 : 437-452 . Steel, Robert G., and J. H. Torrie . 1960 . Principles and procedures of statistics. 48 1 p. New York : McGraw-Hill . Strickland, J . D. H., and T. R. Parsons . 1965 . A manual of seawater analysis . Ed. 2 . Bull . Fish. Res . Board Can . No. 125, 203 p . Taub, F. B., R. L. Burgner, E . B. Welch, an d D. E. Spyridakis. 1972. A comparative study of four lakes . In Jerry F. Franklin, L . J. Dempster, and Richard H . Waring (eds .) , Proceedings-research on coniferous forest ecosystems-a symposium, p. 21-32. Pac . Northwest Forest & Range Exp. Stn ., Portland, Oreg . Vollenweider, R . A. 1968. Scientific fundamentals of the eutrophication of lakes and flowing waters, with particular reference to N and P as factors in eutrophication . 182 p . Organ . Econ . Co-Op . & Dev . Dir. Sci. Aff . , Paris . 315
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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Page 55 and 56:
The study areas are located at seve
Page 57 and 58:
K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
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1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254: extracted was determined by the wei
Page 255 and 256: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 257 and 258: I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266: insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268: Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270: stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272: S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274: ingestion variation between individ
Page 277 and 278: contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280: volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282: fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284: 18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286: a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 289 and 290: Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292: Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294: during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
Page 295 and 296: greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298: 2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
Page 299: detectable increase in concentratio
Page 303 and 304: Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306: targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308: This program will automatically cal
Page 309: The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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