PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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tions (Klucas 1969) . An overall nitrogen balance estimate will be determined from estimates of nitrogen fixation and denitrification . Attempts will also be made to determine th e transfer from detrital material such as chiti n and protein to the dissolved plant nutrien t ammonia . The interchange between the various dissolved states of nitrogen, ammonia , nitrate, and nitrite will also be investigated . Discussion The Findley Watershed relates to the overall objectives of the Coniferous Biome i n three specific ways : 1. It provides an excellent opportunity to study linkage between terrestrial processes and the limnological properties of a lake system. The research is designed to assign values to the rates and quantities of elemental and organic exchange between these systems . 2. Findley Lake represents an extreme i n oligotrophic conditions in lake systems and should provide a very interesting genera l lake model. It will serve as an excellen t comparison with the lower three lakes o f the Lake Washington drainage basin in studies of nutrient income vs . productivity relationships. Consequently, it is a critical component of the four lake program of th e Coniferous Biome . 3. Because of the similarity in terrestrial community structure between Findley Lake and some of the reference stands at th e Biome's H. J: Andrews Intensive Sit e (Gessel 1972), it provides a linkage between the two biome study sites . Th e effort at the Andrews Site will concentrat e on unit watershed models, which will include transpiration, terrestrial primary production, and stream hydrologic models, al l of which should have excellent applicatio n in the Findley watershed . To study the interface phenomenon , Findley Lake has been diagrammatically stratified into a series of discrete ecosystem components connected by transfer functions . Figure 2 represents a first approximation of how these components are interconnected Figure 2 . Terrestrial-lake interface diagram with transfer functions numerically listed : (1) atmospheri c exchange, heat, light, water and gas; (2) nutrient assimilation; (3) nutrient leaching ; (4) hydrologica l output ; (5) consumption; (6) detrital contribution ; (7) decomposition ; (8) return from decomposition ; (9) movement across interface; (10) migration i n and out of watershed . and the nature of the linkage between th e terrestrial and aquatic systems . Each of the component boxes will necessitate a quantitative estimate of the biomass or effective reservoir involved . The pathways between components will not only involve a quantitative estimate but also a measure of rate o f movement between the components . As the research progresses, the level of resolution wil l become extremely critical before a total systems analysis is possible . A few important variables which will be kept in mind are : (1) spatial dimensions of the system under study, (2) time base of the study, and (3) th e nutrient elements and/or caloric equivalent s of the components . It is very likely that th e modeling effort will help prescribe a desirabl e time base . 19
Acknowledgments The work reported in this paper was sup - ported by National Science Foundation Grant No. GB-20963 to the Coniferous Fores t Biome, U .S. Analysis of Ecosystems, Inter - national Biological Program . This is Contribution No . 20 to the Coniferous Forest Biome , IBP . Literature Cited Bockheim, J . G., and F . Ugolini .[n .d.] Soil s and parent materials of Findley Lake , Snoqualmie National Forest, Washington . Northwest Sci . : (In press . ) Cole, D . W., and S. P . Gessel. 1968. Cedar River research-a program for studyin g pathways, rates and processes of elemental cycling in a forest ecosystem. 53 p . Forest Resour. Monogr ., Univ . Wash. Contrib . No . 4. Seattle . Del Moral, R . 1972. Vegetation survey o f Findley Lake Basin . Am. Midland Nat . : (In press .) Gessel, S . P. 1972. Organization and researc h program of the Western Coniferous Fores t Biome . In Jerry F. Franklin, L . J . Dempster, and Richard H . Waring (eds .) , Proceedings-research on coniferous forest ecosystems-a symposium, p . 7-14, illus . Pac. Northwest Forest & Range Exp . Stn . , Portland, Oreg . Klucas, R. V. 1969. Nitrogen fixation assessment by acetylene reduction . Eutrophicat i o n -B i o s timulation Assessment Work - shop. Proc. 1969 : 109-116 . Univ. Calif . , Berkeley . Packard, T. T. 1969. The estimation of th e oxygen utilization rate in sea water fro m the activity of the respiratory electro n transport system in plankton . 115 p . Ph .D . thesis on file, Univ . Wash . Pamatmat, M. M., and K. Banse . 1969 . Oxygen consumption by the seabed . II. In situ measurements to 180 m depth . Limnol. Oceanogr. 14 : 250-259 . Taub, Frieda B., Robert L . Burgner, Eugene B. Welch, and Demetrios E . Spyridakis . 1972. A comparative study of four lakes . In Jerry F . Franklin, L . J. Dempster, an d Richard H . Waring (eds .), Proceedingsresearch on coniferous forest ecosystems- a symposium, p . 21-32, illus. Pac. Northwest Forest & Range Exp . Stn ., Portland, Oreg . 20
Page 1 and 2: PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
Page 3 and 4: Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
Page 5 and 6: Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
Page 7 and 8: Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
Page 9 and 10: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 11 and 12: directly, to solution of major natu
Page 13 and 14: 4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
Page 15 and 16: where validation studies could be c
Page 17 and 18: have been developed . Prior to thei
Page 19 and 20: of gross production and respiration
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
Page 23: Nutrient levels in stream and lake
Page 27 and 28: inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
Page 29 and 30: was slightly raised in 1902, the la
Page 31 and 32: climate, surrounding terrestrial en
Page 33 and 34: more similar than between the diffe
Page 35 and 36: The net rate of primary production
Page 37 and 38: community structure and energy flo
Page 39 and 40: est adapted organism vacillates bet
Page 41 and 42: U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
Page 43 and 44: successful . Thus we can see modeli
Page 45 and 46: of the external quantities of S wou
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
Page 49 and 50: subsystems as objects . In addition
Page 51 and 52: several models together to form the
Page 53 and 54: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 55 and 56: The study areas are located at seve
Page 57 and 58: K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
Page 59 and 60: An alternative way of considering i
Page 61 and 62: Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
Page 63 and 64: d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 65 and 66: Calibration of Parameter s In gener
Page 67 and 68: model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70: Usually, we are interested in the o
Page 71 and 72: LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
Page 73 and 74: the watershed. The hydrologic model
Page 75 and 76:
Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 77 and 78:
considered as part of another food
Page 79 and 80:
PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
Page 81 and 82:
Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
Page 83 and 84:
ful in regions with relatively unif
Page 85 and 86:
epresents the basic linkages betwee
Page 87 and 88:
Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
Page 89 and 90:
vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92:
Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94:
Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96:
Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98:
Here v is the volume of water cross
Page 99 and 100:
2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
Page 101 and 102:
.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108:
Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110:
Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114:
Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118:
Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122:
0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128:
8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136:
Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138:
of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154:
Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160:
this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162:
solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168:
Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170:
trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172:
data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178:
Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180:
NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182:
Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184:
watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186:
Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188:
Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190:
Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192:
Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194:
Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196:
condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200:
Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202:
Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204:
Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206:
from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208:
Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210:
at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212:
Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214:
Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216:
Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218:
Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226:
The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228:
P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234:
The important interaction between l
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240:
0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242:
Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246:
1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248:
may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250:
7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254:
extracted was determined by the wei
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260:
Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262:
studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264:
permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266:
insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268:
Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270:
stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272:
S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274:
ingestion variation between individ
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280:
volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282:
fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284:
18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286:
a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292:
Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294:
during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
Page 295 and 296:
greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298:
2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
Page 299 and 300:
detectable increase in concentratio
Page 301 and 302:
in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304:
Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306:
targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308:
This program will automatically cal
Page 309:
The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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