PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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18L SAMPLE LAKE WATER LIGH T ACIDIFIED TO pH 3 WITH H 3 P04 AN D SPARGE WITH N 2 1 ADD ALIQUOT T O COCKTAIL AND COUNT Figure 2. Flow diagram of methods to be used to determine carbon flux from DIC to phytoplankton to DOC , and detritus to zooplankton . 294
fer of the indicated carbon-14 tracer labele d substrate through the isolated systems tabulated in table 2 . Each of the five systems will be isolated in either glass carboys, if it is a light-requiring system, or in blacked plasti c collapsible bottles, if a dark system. Th e bottles will be incubated in situ . The flux of carbon from DIC to DO C through the phytoplankton will be determined as the uptake during a daylight perio d of a carbonate spike added to a glass carboy of lake water incubated in situ . The zooplankton will be filtered out of this water with a 0.1 mm mesh Nitex net and used in anothe r experiment. Samples will be withdraw n hourly from the submerged bottle through a tube to the water surface . The Millipore filtered (0 .22/1 porosity) samples will be used t o separate the phytoplankton from the filtrate . The filtrate containing the DOC c", after acidification and nitrogen sparging, will b e dried in a scintillation vial and counted afte r moistening . Algal respiration will also b e evaluated either as the slope of the phytoplankton carbon-14 loss immediately afte r darkening the bottle, or in separate classica l light/dark bottle measurements (fig. 2) . Upon completion of the foregoing experiment, a portion of that carboy of lake wate r will be used to evaluate the carbon flux fro m DOC generated by the phytoplankton in it, t o DIC via bacteria . This water will be cleared of organism and labeled DIC by first Millipor e filtration and then nitrogen sparging . Subsequently, fresh lake water , less its zooplankto n from the original sample site will be added to the " clean " hot-DOC containing water incubated in situ in the dark. Particulate (i .e . , bacteria) and DIC containing activity in th e bottle will be monitored for a further 2 4 hours (fig. 3) . The zooplankton initially filtered from th e water for the DIC to algae to DOC experiment (the first experimental description) wil l be added to a darkened plastic carboy containing sterile radioactive detritus so the carbon flux from the detritus to zooplankton and possibly to DIC compartments may b e measured . After 4 and 8 hours, one-half of the carboy will be filtered and the animal s counted numerically and radioactively. The three zooplankton data points so obtained will be graphed to evaluate the uptake rate (fig. 2) . The exact method of sterile detritus production awaits further experimentation to evaluate the chemical composition and optimum zooplankton feeding rate on detritus produced in several ways . The flux measurement of carbon fro m phytoplankton to zooplankton will be evaluated in a lighted glass carboy like the on e described for DIC to algae to DOC measurements except that the zooplankton will no t be removed from the water . Hourly phytoplankton samples, and 4- and 8-hour sample s of one-half the vessel will be filtered for subsequent numerical and radiological zoo - plankton counts . The mean specific activity of the phytoplankton food source for th e zooplankton may be evaluated as the mea n specific activity of algal carbon during th e experiment (fig . 4) . Finally, the flux of dissolved organic carbon through bacteria to zooplankton wil l be determined as the rate of carbon 1 4 labeled DOC (i .e., starch and/or C 14 labeled algal protein hydraulysate) uptake by th e bacteria (particles passing through a 0 .1 Nitex net) incubated in situ in a darkened plastic carboy of lake water. Samples will be withdrawn hourly for th e bacterial-uptake and one-half the carboy filter after 4 and 8 hours for the zooplankto n measurements. Zooplankton will be filtere d out onto a 0 .1-mm mesh Nitex net (fig . 5) . All carbon-14 measurements will be made on a Packard Tri-Garb Model 3375 scintillation counter using the channel s ' ratio method . Schindler's (1966) method for phytoplankton, and Ward et al .'s (1970) method for zoo - plankton, detritus, and bacteria will be used . More details of proposed methods may be found in Edmondson and Winberg (1971) , and Parsons and Strickland (1965) . The numerical methods that will be used i n the analysis of the data generated by thi s study will be presented in future communications, but are anticipated to include : (a) statistical evaluation of the differences betwee n flow and pool sizes of the biome test lakes as 295
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 229 and 230: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234: The important interaction between l
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244: 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248: may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254: extracted was determined by the wei
Page 257 and 258: I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266: insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268: Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270: stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272: S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274: ingestion variation between individ
Page 277 and 278: contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279: volume measurement, realizing that
Page 283 and 284: 18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286: a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 289 and 290: Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292: Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294: during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
Page 295 and 296: greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298: 2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
Page 299 and 300: detectable increase in concentratio
Page 301 and 302: in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304: Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306: targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308: This program will automatically cal
Page 309: The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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