PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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ility . Autochthonous sources are more significant in the mesotrophic lakes . The P conten t of all lake sediments was relatively high, with the highest occurring in Lake Washington . The smaller N/P ratios observed in the sediments of Lake Washington are undoubtedly due to the higher sediment P concentration . Nutrient Supply an d Primary Productio n The trophic status of a lake is probably most closely related to the supply of macro - nutrients N, P and C, which may not be easil y indicated by concentration . Although growth rate of phytoplankton is related to the concentration of a limiting nutrient, productio n is related to the supply rate of that nutrient (Dugdale 1967) . The trophic status in 20 well - known lakes in the world has been related to annual loading of N and P and mean depth (Vollenweider 1968) and with continued refinement such a relationship promises to be even more useful to management . As indicated earlier, Lake Washington is more productive than Lake Sammamish, and this tren d correlated with P supply or annual loading , but not growing-season concentrations . Concentrations during complete mixing in th e winter more nearly represent available supply than do concentrations during the growin g season. Alteration in the nutrient supply should change productivity, but the rate o f that change may depend upon physical characteristics of the basin . Effect of Nutrient Diversion Sewage was diverted from Lake Washington r 16 (1965 8 1970 ) 101- -0-- -0,s p \ 0 V I I } I I I I I I SEPT OCT NOV DEC IAN FEB MAR APL MAY JUN JUL AU G Figure 1 . A comparison of surface water total phosphorus for 1964-65 and 1970-71 in Lake Sammamish . Shaded regions represent differences between means for the period covered by the horizontal lines . Arrows to the right indicate winter-spring averages of surface water total phosphorus for Lake Washington fo r prediversion (1963) and postdiversion (1971) conditions (unpublished data-Emery, Moon, and Welch) . 306
during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake Sammamish in 1968, by the Municipality o f Metropolitan_ Seattle . The diversion remove d about 55 percent of the annual external P supply and 12 percent of the inorganic N from Lake Washington . Phosphorus and N external supply into Lake Sammamish was reduced by about 65 and 22 percent, respectively. Although the N supply to Lake Washington is not greatly different than that t o Lake Sammamish, Lake Washington receive d about twice the supply of P than Lake Sammamish (1 .06 vs. 0.56 g/m 2 ) before diversio n and this difference is still maintained afte r diversion (0 .48 vs. 0.20 g/m 2 ) (table 5). Th e diversion brought the P supply to Lake Washington to near Vollenweider's danger limit fo r eutrophication and below the danger limit i n Lake Sammamish (table 5). The prediversio n N supply did not exceed the danger limi t nearly as much as did P in either lake so N diversion may be considered less significan t than P. According to the alteration in P sup - ply and if P is most significant in these lake s as Vollenweider's relationship shows, the n p h y t o p l ankton productivity and biomas s should have been reduced in both lakes . The mean winter (December to April) total P concentration in the surface waters of Lak e Washington decreased over 60 percent following sewage diversion (Edmondson 1970) . Although diversion was not complete unti l 1967, winter P concentrations began gradually decreasing soon after the 4-year diversio n process was initiated in 1963 . In contrast, little difference can be seen in the 197 1 winter mean P concentrations in Lake Sammamish 3 years after diversion in 1968 (fig . 1) . Phytoplankton biomass quickly responde d to the reduction in mean winter P0 4 -P content in Lake Washington as shown by Edmondson (1970) (fig. 2) . Chl a decreased in direct proportion to P0 4 -P, while the other macronutrients, C and N, varied independent of Chl a. A significant change in phytoplankton biomass, production or water clarity ha s not been observed in Lake Sammamish.' In I R. M. Emery, C. E. Moon, and E . B. Welch , unpublished data . one respect this is gratifying because winter mean NO 3 -N and total P concentrations, which should indicate available supply, also have not changed . In another respect, the delayed responses of winter mean P content to diversion of over one-half the annual suppl y to the lake suggests that factors controllin g these winter levels in the two lakes are different in either kind or magnitude . Factors controlling winter P concentrations in Lake Sammamish are not yet understood , but comparison of seasonal changes in total P and morphological characteristics between the two lakes offers a hypothesis . Winter P content remained high until the spring diato m pulse in Lake Washington following which a moderate decrease was observed (see footnot e 1). In Lake Sammamish, total P content normally increased to peaks as high as 70 t o 100 pg/1 following turnover in November . Instead of remaining high until the sprin g diatom pulse in April, as it does in Lake Washington, total P decreased during the winter in Lake Sammamish before the diatom pulse (fig. 1). The surface water in Lake Sammamish has been observed to become cloudy with particulate matter during turnover an d remain that way for a month or two before clearing. Phosphorus may be sorbed by this particulate matter and removed in shallower Lake Sammamish (mean depth 17 .7 m), while in deeper Lake Washington (mean dept h 37 m), particulate matter from the bottom is not so readily mixed to the surface . In support of this, iron content during and followin g turnover is higher in Lake Sammamish than i n Lake Washington particularly in the hypolimnion . The lower residual P content in late winter in Lake Sammamish is undoubtedl y due to P sedimentation through interactio n with relatively greater amounts of iro n (Horton 1972, Shapiro et al . 1971) . Recovery rate in Lake Sammamish may b e slower than in Lake Washington because th e former had never attained the enrichment o r productivity level of the latter . Rate of recovery might have also been rapid in Lak e Sammamish if prediversion annual supply had been as great as that in Lake Washington . There may exist a control threshold level of P in the lake, above which alteration by manip - 307
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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Page 249 and 250: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254: extracted was determined by the wei
Page 255 and 256: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 257 and 258: I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266: insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268: Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270: stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272: S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274: ingestion variation between individ
Page 277 and 278: contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280: volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282: fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284: 18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286: a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 289 and 290: Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291: Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 295 and 296: greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298: 2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
Page 299 and 300: detectable increase in concentratio
Page 301 and 302: in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304: Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306: targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308: This program will automatically cal
Page 309: The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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