PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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planning studies for new developmen t projects . Generalized objectives of Biome researc h include : 1.To determine the driving forces, the processes causing transfers of matter and energy among components, the nonconcentratio n characteristics, and the controlling variable s in each Biome ; 2. To determine the ecosystem response t o the natural and man-induced stresses appropriate to each Biome ; for example, large herbivores in grasslands, extreme and rar e weather patterns in deserts, periodic fluctuations of rodent populations in tundra , commercial use of timber in the coniferous forests, urbanization in the deciduou s forests, and nutrient retention in the wet tropical forests ; 3. To understand the land-water interactio n characteristics of each Biome : Prairie pond s and reservoirs in the grasslands ; the abundance of shallow waters in wet tundra ; springs and temporary waters in deserts ; river and lake systems with anadromou s fish populations in coniferous forest ; pollution, and eutrophication in the deciduous forest; and large river systems in tropical forests; and 4. To synthesize the results of these and previous studies into predictive models o f temporal and spatial variation, effects of pollutants and of exploitation, stability , and other ecosystem characteristics necessary for resource management in eac h Biome . The Coniferous Forest Biome The history and research progress of ou r own Coniferous Forest Biome brings this discussion somewhat closer to home . Coincident with the development of an Analysis of Ecosystems program and the initial organizatio n and funding of the Grasslands Biome, a large body of scientists in forested areas of the West began discussing a Coniferous Fores t Biome. The University of Washington hoste d the group's first formal meeting at Pack Forest in February 1968 which produced a plan for development of a Biome research organization . The University of Montana helped to continue the discussions with a symposium on "Coniferous Forests of the Northern Rocky Mountains " held at Missoula in September 1968 . In early 1969, I accepted an invitation to become the Director of the Coniferous Forest Biome . An organizational proposal for establishment of a skeletal office and development of a Biome research program was prepared and submitted to NSF . With these very limited funds and som e financial assistance from the Central Ecosystem office and the University of Washing - ton, and with a great deal of volunteer labor , a research proposal was prepared and submitted to NSF on December 31, 1969 . The initial $460,000 request was scaled to fund s NSF had available. The proposal was approved but not funded until September 15 , 1970. We are, therefore, still in the very earl y stages of research . Even before the first proposal was funded, a second-year proposal wa s prepared and this, in turn, was funded at 1 . 2 million dollars on January 1, 1972 . We are now preparing a proposal for 1973 and 197 4 with a submission date of July 1 . Coniferous Forest Biome Organization and Research The Central Biome office is at the University of Washington's College of Forest Re - sources . Intensive research sites have been established on the H. J. Andrews Experimental Forest of the U .S. Forest Service in the Oregon Cascade Range and the Cedar River watershed of the City of Seattle in th e Washington Cascade Range . Although many other areas had been nominated as potentia l research sites, these two were chosen because of their concentrations of available scientists , developed facilities, history of research, an d ability to provide the types of research area s needed to accomplish the research goals of the Biome . The total Biome research program originally called for additional coordinating site s 9
where validation studies could be carried out . Funds initially restricted development outside the intensive sites ; however, plans for coordinating programs, sites, and activities are no w being developed by the Extrapolation an d Application Committee under the direction o f Dr. William Laycock of the U .S. Forest Service. It appears that a diverse group of Biome - wide or coordinating site activities including : (1) major efforts to coordinate with other on - going ecosystem research programs in th e Biome; (2) cooperative studies of ponderos a pine ecosystems with the Grasslands Biome ; (3) examinations of fire and disease influences on coniferous forests ; and (4) validation o f some initial modeling efforts will develop . The Biome 's organizational structure use d in developing, organizing, and administerin g the research is shown in figures 2 and 3 . The overall Biome research plan is developed b y the Scientific Directorate, but the individua l research proposals are generated by the re - search committees . Yearly programs develop about as follows . First, research tasks or objectives are defined. Funding guidelines fo r each of these are also outlined based on total funding expected from NSF . Research committees then define specific subprogra m objectives and after agreement by the Scientific Directorate, the chairman of a researc h committee calls for proposals from the scientific community. Proposals are reviewed b y research committees and by the Scientifi c Directorate for task relevance and adequacy . Following revisions, deletions, and additions the proposals are incorporated into the Biom e proposal. A group of scientists from othe r Biomes review the draft of the Biome proposal before its final preparation and sub - mission to NSF . Objectives of Coniferou s Forest Biome Research I will not attempt to detail the research i n this brief report, but I should comment o n the main objectives of all Biome research, i .e . , development and validation of models of ecosystems function. The purpose of producing these models is to provide understanding o f coniferous ecosystems useful for management BIOME ADVISORY BOARDI DIRECTOR] -- ANALYSIS OF ECOSYSTEM S EXECUTIVE BOAR D { CENTRAL OFFICE ] [- TECHNICAL COMMITTEES -1 Chemical Analyse s Remote Sensin g Genetic s Phenolog y Data Managemen t Internationa l DEPUTY DIRECTORS 1- EXECUTIVE DIRECTORATE SITE DIRECTOR S Terrestrial Division Aquatic Divisio n Ecosystem Integratio n Division SCIENTIFI C DIRECTORATE H . J . Andrew s Lake Washington Drainag e Validation Site s TRRESTRIAL DIVISIO N - ECOSYSTEM INTEGRATION DIVISIO N AQUATIC DIVISIO N Primary Production Modeling Management Lakes Food Chain Processes Interface Streams Biogeochemical Processes Extrapolation and Application Physical Processes Figure 2. Coniferous Forest Biome organizational chart . 10
Page 1 and 2: PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
Page 3 and 4: Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
Page 5 and 6: Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
Page 7 and 8: Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
Page 9 and 10: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 11 and 12: directly, to solution of major natu
Page 13: 4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
Page 17 and 18: have been developed . Prior to thei
Page 19 and 20: of gross production and respiration
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
Page 23 and 24: Nutrient levels in stream and lake
Page 25 and 26: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 27 and 28: inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
Page 29 and 30: was slightly raised in 1902, the la
Page 31 and 32: climate, surrounding terrestrial en
Page 33 and 34: more similar than between the diffe
Page 35 and 36: The net rate of primary production
Page 37 and 38: community structure and energy flo
Page 39 and 40: est adapted organism vacillates bet
Page 41 and 42: U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
Page 43 and 44: successful . Thus we can see modeli
Page 45 and 46: of the external quantities of S wou
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
Page 49 and 50: subsystems as objects . In addition
Page 51 and 52: several models together to form the
Page 53 and 54: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 55 and 56: The study areas are located at seve
Page 57 and 58: K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
Page 59 and 60: An alternative way of considering i
Page 61 and 62: Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
Page 63 and 64: d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 65 and 66:
Calibration of Parameter s In gener
Page 67 and 68:
model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70:
Usually, we are interested in the o
Page 71 and 72:
LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
Page 73 and 74:
the watershed. The hydrologic model
Page 75 and 76:
Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 77 and 78:
considered as part of another food
Page 79 and 80:
PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
Page 81 and 82:
Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
Page 85 and 86:
epresents the basic linkages betwee
Page 87 and 88:
Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
Page 89 and 90:
vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92:
Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94:
Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96:
Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98:
Here v is the volume of water cross
Page 99 and 100:
2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
Page 101 and 102:
.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108:
Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110:
Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114:
Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116:
2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118:
Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
Page 125 and 126:
0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
Page 127 and 128:
8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136:
Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138:
of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140:
Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152:
in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154:
Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160:
this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162:
solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168:
Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170:
trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172:
data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178:
Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
Page 179 and 180:
NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182:
Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184:
watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186:
Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188:
Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190:
Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192:
Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194:
Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196:
condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198:
proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200:
Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202:
Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204:
Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206:
from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208:
Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210:
at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212:
Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214:
Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216:
Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218:
Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224:
which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226:
The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228:
P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234:
The important interaction between l
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240:
0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242:
Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244:
4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246:
1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248:
may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250:
7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254:
extracted was determined by the wei
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260:
Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262:
studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264:
permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266:
insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268:
Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270:
stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272:
S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274:
ingestion variation between individ
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280:
volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282:
fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284:
18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286:
a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292:
Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294:
during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
Page 295 and 296:
greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298:
2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
Page 299 and 300:
detectable increase in concentratio
Page 301 and 302:
in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304:
Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306:
targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308:
This program will automatically cal
Page 309:
The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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