PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosystems-A symposium . Bellingham, Washington-March 23-24, 197 2 Foreword The research program organized under th e Coniferous Forest Biome is probably th e largest and most comprehensive single effor t at ecosystem analysis being carried out in th e Western United States . After a long period o f planning and discussion, it is finally in its firs t year of full-scale activity . Despite this youthful state there is great interest among ecologists both within and beyond the Biom e "boundaries" in the conceptual basis for th e Biome's program and present and planne d research . Consequently, at the invitation of th e Northwest Scientific Association, members o f the Coniferous Forest Biome organized th e symposium, "Research on Coniferous Fores t Ecosystems : First Year Progress in the Coniferous Forest Biome, US/IBP." The symposium was presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of the Northwest Scientific Association on March 23 and 24, 1972 . It highlighted the concepts and plans underlying major segments of the Biome program and the numerous new insights, techniques, and data which are resulting from the varied research activities . This volume contains the proceedings of that symposium. Publication was made possible only by the full cooperation and considerable contributions of the Pacific North - west Forest and Range Experiment Station, USDA Forest Service . Station staff not only assisted significantly in the editorial phases but handled the production in its entiret y from edited copy to final printing . Furthermore, this was done under severe deadlines in order that the volume be available for th e Fifth Assembly of the International Biologica l Program in August of 1972 . The editors would also like to acknowledg e the numerous contributions others made t o the production of this volume : To Drs . Dal e W. Cole and Frieda B . Taub for their significant part in organizing and conducting the symposium ; to the majority of authors an d referees who cooperated magnificently i n producing the necessary materials unde r severe time limitations ; to George M . Hansen , Betty J . Bell, Mildred I . Hoyt, and others i n Editorial Services of the Pacific Northwes t Forest and Range Experiment Station, wh o bore the burden of preparing the volume fo r printing ; and to Robert Romancier, Glend a Faxon, Virginia Hunt, James Overholser, Han s Riekerk, Charles Grier, and Laura Gregg fo r their part in obtaining the papers, typing, an d otherwise assisting in production of th e volume . Jerry F . Franklin L . J . Dempster Richard H . Waring
Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOME ACTIVITIES 1 Why a Coniferous Forest Biome ? Jerry F. Franklin 3 Organization and research program of the Western Coniferous Forest Biome S . P. Gessel 7 Findley Lake-the study of a terrestrial-aquatic interfac e P. R. Olson, D . W. Cole, and R. R. Whitney 1 5 A comparative study of four lake s Frieda B . Taub, Robert L . Burgner, Eugene B . Welch, and Demetrios E . Spyridakis . . . . 2 1 The modeling process relating to questions about coniferous lake ecosystem s Douglas M . Eggers and Larry M . Male 3 3 Toward a general model structure for a forest ecosyste m W . Scott Overton 3 7 Hydrologic modeling in the Coniferous Forest Biom e George W. Brown, Robert H . Burgy, R. Dennis Harr, and J. Paul Riley 4 9 Preliminary considerations of the forest canopy consumer subsyste m M . A. Strand and W. P. Nagel 7 1 An environmental grid for classifying coniferous forest ecosystems R. H. Waring, K . L. Reed, and W . H . Emmingham 7 9 Pag e WATER AND NUTRIENT MOVEMENT THROUGH ECOSYSTEMS 9 3 Modeling water movement within the upper rooting zone of a Cedar River soi l W. H. Hatheway, P . Machno, and E . Hamerly 9 5 Elemental transport changes occurring during development of a second-growth Douglas-fir ecosyste m Charles C. Grier and Dale W. Cole 10 3 Nutrient budget of a Douglas-fir forest on an experimental watershe d in western Orego n R. L. Fredriksen 11 5 Nutrient cycling in throughfall and litterfall in 450-year-old Douglas-fir stand s Albert Abee and Denis Lavender 133
Page 1 and 2: PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
Page 3: Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
Page 7 and 8: Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
Page 9 and 10: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 11 and 12: directly, to solution of major natu
Page 13 and 14: 4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
Page 15 and 16: where validation studies could be c
Page 17 and 18: have been developed . Prior to thei
Page 19 and 20: of gross production and respiration
Page 21 and 22: Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
Page 23 and 24: Nutrient levels in stream and lake
Page 25 and 26: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 27 and 28: inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
Page 29 and 30: was slightly raised in 1902, the la
Page 31 and 32: climate, surrounding terrestrial en
Page 33 and 34: more similar than between the diffe
Page 35 and 36: The net rate of primary production
Page 37 and 38: community structure and energy flo
Page 39 and 40: est adapted organism vacillates bet
Page 41 and 42: U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
Page 43 and 44: successful . Thus we can see modeli
Page 45 and 46: of the external quantities of S wou
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
Page 49 and 50: subsystems as objects . In addition
Page 51 and 52: several models together to form the
Page 53 and 54: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 55 and 56:
The study areas are located at seve
Page 57 and 58:
K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
Page 59 and 60:
An alternative way of considering i
Page 61 and 62:
Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
Page 63 and 64:
d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
Page 65 and 66:
Calibration of Parameter s In gener
Page 67 and 68:
model being developed under the Con
Page 69 and 70:
Usually, we are interested in the o
Page 71 and 72:
LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
Page 73 and 74:
the watershed. The hydrologic model
Page 75 and 76:
Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 77 and 78:
considered as part of another food
Page 79 and 80:
PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
Page 81 and 82:
Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
Page 85 and 86:
epresents the basic linkages betwee
Page 87 and 88:
Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
Page 91 and 92:
Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
Page 93 and 94:
Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
Page 95 and 96:
Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
Page 97 and 98:
Here v is the volume of water cross
Page 99 and 100:
2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
Page 101 and 102:
.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
ment of the flux of ions through th
Page 107 and 108:
Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
Page 109 and 110:
Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
Page 111 and 112:
Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
Page 113 and 114:
Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
Page 115 and 116:
2. How effectively are these chemic
Page 117 and 118:
Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
Page 119 and 120:
Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
Page 121 and 122:
0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
Page 135 and 136:
Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
Page 137 and 138:
of the nitrogen was not determined.
Page 139 and 140:
Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
Page 141 and 142:
through litterfall . More amounts o
Page 143 and 144:
Page 145 and 146:
Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
Page 147 and 148:
1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
Page 149 and 150:
Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
Page 151 and 152:
in our example) and the running tot
Page 153 and 154:
Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
Page 155 and 156:
Page 157 and 158:
Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
Page 159 and 160:
this case the slopes of activity-ti
Page 161 and 162:
solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165 and 166:
ing methods . Every point in the sa
Page 167 and 168:
Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
Page 169 and 170:
trees indicates that the coordinate
Page 171 and 172:
data; there is no obvious explanati
Page 173 and 174:
Page 175 and 176:
where C is the percentage cover by
Page 177 and 178:
Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
Page 181 and 182:
Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184:
watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186:
Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188:
Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190:
Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192:
Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194:
Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196:
condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198:
proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200:
Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202:
Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204:
Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206:
from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208:
Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210:
at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212:
Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214:
Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216:
Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218:
Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 219 and 220:
Page 221 and 222:
Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224:
which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226:
The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228:
P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233 and 234:
The important interaction between l
Page 235 and 236:
Page 237 and 238:
(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240:
0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242:
Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244:
4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246:
1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248:
may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250:
7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252:
Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254:
extracted was determined by the wei
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260:
Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262:
studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264:
permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266:
insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268:
Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270:
stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272:
S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274:
ingestion variation between individ
Page 275 and 276:
Page 277 and 278:
contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280:
volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282:
fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284:
18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286:
a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 287 and 288:
Page 289 and 290:
Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292:
Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293 and 294:
during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
Page 295 and 296:
greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
Page 297 and 298:
2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
Page 299 and 300:
detectable increase in concentratio
Page 301 and 302:
in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304:
Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306:
targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308:
This program will automatically cal
Page 309:
The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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