PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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cally tractable than discontinuous or piece - wise continuous models . This continuous feature should facilitate linking this model t o others . The general net photosynthetic response of plants to light and to temperature has been demonstrated with many different specie s under various preconditioning treatments . The general responses characterized in figur e 1 predominate with various shifts in the pea k and magnitude of the response curves . These shifts can be described mathematically by determining CO 2 exchange at certain point s and using these data to define parameters in the basic model . In the Biome program, CO 2 exchange studies are being conducted on several species and these data will further test the model pro - posed here. A necessary addition to the model is an explicit evaluation of light respiratio n from which techniques for data acquisitio n are now being contemplated . Acknowledgments Thanks are due Michael Newton and Duan e Starr for their contribution to the model an d to Jack Colby for his programming assistance . The work reported in this paper was sup - ported by the PHS grant 2P10-Es00210 i n cooperation with the Coniferous Forest Biome, U .S. Analysis of Ecosystems, International Biological Program . This is Contribution No . 39 to the Coniferous Forest Biome . Literature Cited Chartier, P . 1969. A model of CO 2 assimilation in the leaf . In Prediction and measurement of photosynthetic productivity, p . 307-315 . US/IBP Tech. Meet. Proc . , Trebon . Forward, Dorothy F. 1960 . Effect of temperature on respiration . In W . Ruhlan d (ed .), Encyclopedia of plant physiology, p . 234-258 . Berlin : Springer-Verlag. Heath, O .V .S. 1969 . The physiological aspect s of photosynthesis . 309 p. London : Heinemann Educ . Books Ltd . Larcher, W. 1969 . Physiological approaches t o the measurement of photosynthesis in relation to dry matter production by trees . Photosynthetica 3(2) : 150-166 . Longridge, J. 1963. Biochemical aspects of temperature response. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 14 : 441-462 . Marquardt, Donald W . 1963 . An algorithm for least-squares estimation of nonlinear parameters. J. Soc. Ind. Appl. Math . 11(2) : 431 . Milner, Harold W., and William H . Hiesey . 1963. Photosynthesis in climatic races o f Mimulus . I. Effect of light intensive and temperature on rate . Plant Physiol . 39(2) : 208-213 . Mooney, H. A., and A. T. Harrison. 1969 . The influence of conditioning temperature on subsequent temperature-related photosynthetic capacity in higher plants . In Prediction and measurement of photosynthetic productivity, p. 411-417 . US/IBP Tech . Meet. Proc., Trebon . Phillips, V . R., and J. R. McWilliams . 1971 . Thermal responses of primary carb o enzymes from C 3 and C 4 plant adapted to contrasting temperature environments . In M . D. Hatch, C . B . Osmund, and R . O . Slatyer (eds .), Photosynthesis and photorespiration, p . 97-109. Conf., Canberra, Australia, Nov. 1970 (Proc .). New York : Wiley-Interscience . Pisek, A., W. Larcher, W. Moser, and Ida Pack. 1969. Kardinale Temperaturbereiche der Photosynthese and Grenz-temperaturen des L e b ens der Blatter verschiedener S permato-phyten. III. Temperaturabhangegkeit and optimaler Temperaturbereich der Netto-Photosynthese. Flora 158 : 608-630 . Rabinowitch, E . 1969 . Photosynthesis . 273 p . New York : John Wiley & Sons, Inc . Schulze, Ernst-Detlef. 1970. Der C02 - Gaswechsel der Buche (Fagus siluatica L . ) in Abhangrgkeit von den Klimafaktoren i m Freiland. Flora 159 : 177-232 . Webb, Warren L. 1971 . Photosynthetic response models for a terrestrial plant community, 79 p. Ph.D. thesis on file, Oreg. State Univ., Corvallis . 242
Proceedings-Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosystems-A symposium. Bellingham, Washington-March 23-24, 197 2 Energy flux studies in a coniferous forest ecosystem Abstract Lloyd W. Ga y Associate Professor of Forest Climatolog y Department of Forest Engineerin g Oregon State University Corvallis, Orego n The fluxes of thermal energy between the atmosphere and a young Douglas-fir forest were measured durin g two contrasting summer days, one cloudless and one overcast. The energy budget components were evaluated by the Bowen ratio method, with ceramic-wick psychrometers at the 26 .16 m, 28.16 m, or 31 .16 m levels. The maximum height of the tallest trees was 28 m, and the general level at the top of the closed canopy was abou t 22 m. Daily totals of the energy budget components (cal/cm 2 ) under cloudless skies on July 29, 1971, were : solar radiation, 584; net radiation, 410 ; change in storage, 5 ; convection, -135; and latent energy, -280. The albedo was 0.09 on both the clear and the overcast day . Analysis of the overcast conditions of July 31, 1971 , yielded the following values: solar radiation, 171 ; net radiation, 134 ; change in storage, 6 ; convection, -39; and latent energy, -102. Problems of measurement and analysis are discussed. These include the storage term in the biomass, and th e small gradients of potential temperature and vapor pressure above the canopy . Clear day gradients at noon, for example, were in the order of -0.03°C m-' and -0.03 mb m-' . Techniques are presented for minimizing measurement errors. Introduction The level of biological activity at the surface of the earth is closely associated wit h cycles of energy and mass . The cycles of mas s and of energy are virtually interchangeabl e concepts. Indeed, the transpiration an d photosynthetic components of the mass cycl e can be studied through examination of th e cycle of energy, with the energy required t o change the phase of H2 0 and CO 2 serving as the connecting link . The magnitudes and phase relationships of the mass and energy cycles are affected by th e characteristics of the surface, and by the stat e of the atmosphere . The properties of vegetation, particularly of low, cultivated ecosystems, have been investigated thoroughly i n a variety of studies that have clearly demonstrated many advantages for energy budge t evaluations of transpiration and photosynthesis (Baumgartner 1965) . The advantage s include sensitivity, mobility, and the benefit s to be gained by use of a nondestructive technique . The application of these techniques t o the forest ecosystem appears feasible and useful. A number of studies have already been reported, but in general the effects of forest s upon the cycles are not yet well known (Baumgartner 1971, Tajchman 1971) . Coniferous forests, as a class, are good absorbers of solar radiation. The roughness of coniferou s crowns also appears to effectively enhanc e mixing in the atmosphere near the top of th e canopy. These factors, combined with the large surface area of canopies, make forests into very efficient exchange surfaces for water vapor, carbon dioxide, and energy . Studies of the fundamental cycles of energ y and mass have begun at the Cedar River site i n the Coniferous Forest Biome. A variety of interrelated studies are planned in coopera - 243
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
Page 183 and 184: watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
Page 185 and 186: Table 1 .-Some population character
Page 187 and 188: Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
Page 189 and 190: Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
Page 191 and 192: Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
Page 193 and 194: Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
Page 195 and 196: condition differ) ; the turnover ra
Page 197 and 198: proportionally about the same for e
Page 199 and 200: Bird Studies The forest birds were
Page 201 and 202: Further Studies The data provided f
Page 203 and 204: Terrestrial Process Studies 209
Page 205 and 206: from theses. The principal processe
Page 207 and 208: Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
Page 209 and 210: at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
Page 211 and 212: Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
Page 213 and 214: Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
Page 215 and 216: Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
Page 217 and 218: Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
Page 219 and 220: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
Page 221 and 222: Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
Page 223 and 224: which may be of importance in model
Page 225 and 226: The first three terms of equation 1
Page 227 and 228: P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
Page 231 and 232: This function is asymptotic to zero
Page 233: The important interaction between l
Page 237 and 238: (3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
Page 239 and 240: 0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
Page 241 and 242: Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
Page 243 and 244: 4 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 TIME, H
Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
Page 247 and 248: may bias the results . Meteorologic
Page 249 and 250: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254: extracted was determined by the wei
Page 257 and 258: I - 5 -l o -1 5 HPV 1 10 . 0 I . 6
Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
Page 265 and 266: insolation (1 cal cm 2 min-1 ) and
Page 267 and 268: Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270: stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272: S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274: ingestion variation between individ
Page 277 and 278: contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280: volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282: fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284: 18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
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a function of time and space, (b) c
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Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
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Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
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during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms)
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2 .0 1 .0 0 Si P-N N-Si P-Si P-N-Si
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detectable increase in concentratio
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in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
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Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
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targets are insonified several time
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This program will automatically cal
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The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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