PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARCH ON - HJ Andrews Experimental Forest

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125 • 1933 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 Figure 2 . (Printed with permission of W. T. Edmondson and Science magazine-Copyright 1970 by th e American Association for the Advancement of Science .) Mean winter (Jan. to Apr.) values in surface water; summer (July and Aug .) values of Chl a in surface phytoplankton . The 1963 values, plotted as 100 percent , were (in micrograms per liter) : P, 57 ; N, 428 ; and ChI a, 38 . Unconnected points show winter means (Jan . and Feb .) of bicarbonate alkalinity and free CO 2 in surface water (25 .3 and 3 .2 mg/liter in 1963) . ulation of external supply would be relativel y rapid while below that level the respons e would be very slow . Response to Short-Term Nutrient Change To relate external nutrient supply rate to production and trophic status in the lake, the nutrient of most significance must be known . Is phosphorus the most significant nutrient i n Lake Sammamish as has been the case i n Washington? This problem was approached i n two ways: (1) by observing the seasonal change in N/P ratio compared with productivity rate and biomass and (2) in situ experimental addition of macronutrients separately and in combination to plastic bags . Generally speaking, if the ratio of N :P by weight is 308
greater than 7 .2:1 (16:1 by atoms) then P should be limiting further growth and its addition should increase production with th e reverse case true for N . If the ratio is aroun d 7 .2 :1, then both nutrients would be require d to increase production. Of course, this can only be approximately true because th e atomic ratio of 16N :1P in algal cells is an average and interaction among nutrients ma y occur such that ratios different than thi s average may stimulate uptake of one or mor e nutrients . Lake Sammamish has one major phytoplankton outburst which occurs in the sprin g and is dominated by diatoms . In 1970, th e outburst occurred during May (fig . 3), whic h for unknown reasons was about 1 month later than normal. Productivity followed a similar trend as biomass (Chi a), but carbon assimilation (productivity) per unit biomass wa s noticeably greatest prior to the biomass peak . During this outburst, NO 3 -N decreased by more than 500 pg/l while ortho P04 -P decreased by 8 µg/l at most, a removal ratio of more than 60 :1 (fig. 4) . If this ratio of removal represents uptake by phytoplankton , which it most likely does, then it is weighted heavily in favor of N relative to the expected requirements of cells. Inspection of figure 4 suggests that prior to the outburst, P was i n shortest supply relative to needs, but after - ward, N actually decreased at the surface to a level less than P, and N should then have been limiting. The great change in N relative to P, if all a result of plankton uptake, suggests tha t the supply of P0 4 -P was much greater than indicated by the concentration decrease. This supply could have come from rapid recyclin g from the particulate phase and, thus, the relatively constant P0 4 -P content only represented the difference between supply and demand of P . The change in mean ratio of N :P in the photic zone is compared to surface productivity and biomass in figure 3 . Although it is clear from the ratio that P was in shortes t supply relative to needs prior to the outburst and that the uptake was still apparentl y weighted in favor of N, the mean ratio in th e photic zone following the outburst remaine d near the 7 .2 :1 required value . Thus, if th e average values in the photic zone best reflect the consequence of nutrient uptake by plank - ton, then both N and P would appear almos t 1600 - 2 8 I 24 Q 1200 - 80 N E U rnE 12 800 8 4 ti 1 - 0 F M I I 1 I A M J J A 5 0 N D 1970 Figure 3 . Primary productivity and chlorophyll a in the surface water and mean N/P ratio in the photic zone o f Lake Sammamish during 1970 . 309
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PE EIE[R-Rg RESEARC H O N CONIFEROU
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Research on Coniferous Forest Ecosy
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Contents SOME BROADER VIEWS OF BIOM
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Page AQUATIC PROCESS STUDIES 279 St
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Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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directly, to solution of major natu
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4. Nutritional adaptation to enviro
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where validation studies could be c
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have been developed . Prior to thei
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of gross production and respiration
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Figure 1 . Aerial photo of Findley
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Nutrient levels in stream and lake
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Acknowledgments The work reported i
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inputs into the lakes . Recent stud
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was slightly raised in 1902, the la
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climate, surrounding terrestrial en
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more similar than between the diffe
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The net rate of primary production
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community structure and energy flo
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est adapted organism vacillates bet
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U .S . Analysis of Ecosystems, Inte
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successful . Thus we can see modeli
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of the external quantities of S wou
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Figure 2 . The major subsystems of
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subsystems as objects . In addition
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several models together to form the
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The study areas are located at seve
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K m Figure 1 . Watershed 2, H . J.
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An alternative way of considering i
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Snowmelt A flow chart of the snow a
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d Gs Gr = (1 - Ki) d t By integrati
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Calibration of Parameter s In gener
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model being developed under the Con
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Usually, we are interested in the o
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LINEAR Y~(T) 2nd ORDER Y2 (T) 3rd O
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the watershed. The hydrologic model
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considered as part of another food
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PRIMARY PRRODUCTIO N ■ FOLIAGE CO
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Graham, S. A. 1952. Forest entomolo
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ful in regions with relatively unif
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epresents the basic linkages betwee
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Cleary and Waring 1969, Reed 1971,
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vation that species such as Brewer
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Table 3.-Predicted plant response i
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Walker, Reed, Scott, and Webb are c
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Water and Nutrien t Movement Throug
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Here v is the volume of water cross
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2 10 7100 .160 .220 .280 .340 .400
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.0500 .040 0 z .030 0 E L.) 0 .020
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ment of the flux of ions through th
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Table 2 .-Forest floor composition
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Table 5 .-Monthly amounts of litter
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Figure 2 illustrates how CO 2 produ
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Ballard, T. M. 1968 . Carbon dioxid
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2. How effectively are these chemic
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Table 2 .-Nutrient budget for disso
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Figure 1 . Water content of the sur
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0.12_ _30 rn z 0 Q z w 0 z 0 0 z Q
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_3 0 . Outflow Concentration _ __ R
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0.10_ 0.08 _ Pea k 0.04_ Concentrat
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8J Calciu m 0 I I I I 0.25 0.50 0.7
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water is dominant because flowing w
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Table 1.-Characteristics of study p
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Z w 2 w J w 3 0 Table 2. Average to
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of the nitrogen was not determined.
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Table 6. Total kg per hectare per y
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through litterfall . More amounts o
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Figure 3. Two additional carabiners
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1 1 Figure 11 . The climber places
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Figure 16. The spar in use. The sus
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in our example) and the running tot
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Dashed lines are dead branches . Th
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Table 1.-Transpiration rates, mean
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this case the slopes of activity-ti
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solve equation 2 for Tm since the f
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ing methods . Every point in the sa
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Patterns in Point Displacemen t Mea
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trees indicates that the coordinate
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data; there is no obvious explanati
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where C is the percentage cover by
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Table 1.-Epiphyte biomass on the tr
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NZ. 4 50 100 150 EPIPHYTE IMPORTANC
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Table 4.-Biomass estimates (kg) for
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watershed 10 (C . T. Dyrness, perso
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Table 1 .-Some population character
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Table 2 .-Annual litter fall in Col
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Table 4. Biomass and growth increme
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Table 6.-Annual turnover from certa
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Kiil, A. D. 1968. Weight of the fue
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condition differ) ; the turnover ra
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proportionally about the same for e
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Bird Studies The forest birds were
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Further Studies The data provided f
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Terrestrial Process Studies 209
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from theses. The principal processe
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Table 1 .-Saturating light intensit
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at least 0 .06 percent CO 2 . Howev
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Pharis et al. 1967). Again Helms (1
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Effects of Leaf Temperature an d Le
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Literature Cited Baule, H., and C.
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Lopushinsky, W . 1969. Stomatal clo
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Von Bertalanffy (1969) calls nonsum
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which may be of importance in model
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The first three terms of equation 1
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P = F+ R where F = net assimilation
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This function is asymptotic to zero
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The important interaction between l
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(3 = H/AE=yo$/De (3 ) where y is th
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0.4 0.2 v 0 0 w IX -0.2 I- cr -0.4
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Table L-Diurnal energy budget compo
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Page 245 and 246: 1970. Evapotranspiration an d meteo
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Page 249 and 250: 7.4 ppm . The lysimeters at Coshoct
Page 251 and 252: Acknowledgments The work reported i
Page 253 and 254: extracted was determined by the wei
Page 255 and 256: Proceedings-Research on Coniferous
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Page 259 and 260: Table 1 .- Tukey's w Multiple Compa
Page 261 and 262: studies in conifers-a review . In J
Page 263 and 264: permeable to both CO 2 and water va
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Page 267 and 268: Aquatic Process Studies 279
Page 269 and 270: stream environments (Krygier and Ha
Page 271 and 272: S, - 4ydrolo9i c S2 = I¢rr¢strIa
Page 273 and 274: ingestion variation between individ
Page 277 and 278: contribute to detrital compartment
Page 279 and 280: volume measurement, realizing that
Page 281 and 282: fer of the indicated carbon-14 trac
Page 283 and 284: 18L LAKE WATER LIGH T 50m1 HOURLY D
Page 285 and 286: a function of time and space, (b) c
Page 289 and 290: Table 1.-Suggested criteria for jud
Page 291 and 292: Table 4.-Average C, N, and P conten
Page 293: during 1963 to 1967 and from Lake S
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Page 301 and 302: in lakes . J. Ecol . 29 : 280-329 .
Page 303 and 304: Woodey 1970 ; Thorne, Reeves, and M
Page 305 and 306: targets are insonified several time
Page 307 and 308: This program will automatically cal
Page 309: The FOREST SERVICE et ; U :' S D pa
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